Yasharth Studies

Yasharth
Studies
Chapter-7 Nervous
System
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Multicellular organisms have evolved two systems to ensure efficient control
and coordination of various activities going on simultaneously in different
systems of their body. These coordinating systems are:-
• Nervous system that exercises neural control through electrochemical
impulses.
• Endocrine system that exercises chemical control through hormones

(chemical messenger)
SOMETHING MORE
Coordination: Coordination represents the normal control over the
functioning of body tissues and organs at the correct speed and in
correct sequence simultaneously within physiological limits. For
example, eating food involves a number of activities like looking and
identifying food items, putting the food items in plate, using spoon or
fork for eating, chewing, swallowing. Digestion and absorption – all in
coordinated sequence and by use of different organs.
Nervous System
•Neurons or nerve cells
1. Functions of different parts of neuron
2. Synapse
3. Nerve fibres and nerve
4. Types of nerves
•Mechanism of nervous Coordination
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous System is the control centre of the body. It provides fastest means of
communication between different body parts. It is a network of nerve cells
(neurons) and nerve fibres.
NEURONS OR NERVE
Neurons are the structural and functional unit of nervous system. The nervous system is made of
millionsCELLS
of neurons. A neuron has following three parts:
The main part of a neuron is called cell body or cyton.
Several finger-like projections branching out from the cyton are called dendrons. The fine branches of
dendrons are called dendrites which end into knob-like structures, the terminal knobs.
 The longest single extension from the cyton is axon. Its end is divided into terminal branches that
end into synaptic knobs.
In most neurons of the body exxons are surrounded by a spirally-coiled sheath f fatty substance
called myelin sheath or medulated sheath.The myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the
nerve impulse. The sheath has regular constrictions along the axon. These are called nodes of ranvier.
Functions of Different Parts of Neuron
• Through dendrites a neuron is connected with the neighbouring neurons. Dendrites
receive impulses from the neurons and conduct them to the cyton (Afferent process).
• The cell body or cyton receives impulses from the preceding neuron through dendrites
and passes them to the next neuron through axon.
• The axon and its terminal branches transmit impulses away from the cyton to the
dendrites of other neurons or to the effector organ(Efferent process).
Nerve Fibres and nerves
Synapse
The point of contact between terminal branches • Nerve Fibres are axons. Some of them may be
of exam and and rights of adjacent neuron is more than a metre long. A bundle of nerve fibres
called synapse the nerve impulse from exam of wrapped in a sheath of connective tissue is called
nerve. The sheath keeps the nerve fibres isolated
the neurone to the dendrites of next neuron
in a nerve.
passes through the sinus as a chemical message.
TYPES OF NERVES
Based on the impulses they conduct, the nerves are of the following three types:
• Sensory nerves contain only sensory nerve fibres. These fibres bring impulses
from sense organs to brain or spinal cord, e.g., optic nerve of the eye.
• Motor nerves are formed of motor nerve fibres. These fibres carry impulses
from brain or spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands, e.g., nerve
supplying eye muscles and muscle of tongue.
• Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor nerve fibres, e.g., nerve going to
lower jaw, face, neck and salivary glands.
MECHANISM OF NERVOUS
COORDINATION
• NERVOUS COORDINATION INVOLVES THE
FOLLOWING STEPS:
Reciving The Stimulus
Processing of Stimulus
Transmission of Nerve Impulse
Interpretation of Sensory Impulses
Transferring the response
The Steps -:
 Reciving the Stimulus: The sensory cells or receptors receive stimuli from changes in the external or internal
environment.
 Processing of Stimulus: Receptors convert the stimuli into electrical nerve impulses. The process is called
transduction.
 Transmission of Nerve Impulse: the receptors transmit these sensory impulses to the sensory neurons present
in the brain or spinal cord the process is called transmission of nerve impulse.
 Interpretation of Sensory Impulses: These sensory impulses are interpreted by interneurons in brain or spinal
cord and are converted into motor impulses.
 Transferring the response: Motor nerve fibres (or the axon of motor neurons) transfer the response from
brain or spinal cord to the effectors. The effectors may be muscle or glands the concerned effectors act
according to the order and the stimulus and translated to body response.
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Human nervous is made up of the
following three parts:
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Brain
ÞCerebrum
ÞCerebellum
ÞMedulla Oblongata
• Spinal Cord
ÞFunctions of Spinal Cord
Brain
• The brain is the controlling part of
nervous system it is protected by three
membrane called meninges or cranium
or skull.
• The brain is formed of gray matter and white

matter. The gray matter forms the outer layer
of the brain and is mainly composed of cell
bodies of neurons the inner layer of brain is
formed of white matter it contains axons that
join to form nerves
CEREBRUM
Cerebrum is the largest and most highly developed part of the brain it
is divided into right and left half by a deep groove. This house of
brain are called cerebral hemisphere.
Each cerebral hemisphere is hollow. The layer of grey matter its valve
is highly folded and has large number of neurons. The folds and
grooves are called gyri and sulci respectively.
Functions of Cerebrum: it has following functions:
 Cerebrum is the seat of intelligence, consciousness and will power.
It controls reasoning. Instinct thinking, learning and memorising,
feelings of love, hatred and appreciation.
 Cerebrum is also responsible for sensory perception of sight,
hearing, taste, smell, temperature and touch.
Cerebellum
Cerebellum is called the little brain.It is
located at the back of cerebrum and is
partlyOverlapped by it.
Functions of Cerebellum: The cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movements of
body, controls activities of voluntary
muscles, and maintains body balance
during walking, swimming, jumping,
running, etc.

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• Endocrine system that exercises chemical control through hormones

• The brain is formed of gray matter and white

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