Halogény

Pauline Štarclová
Halogény
 z gr. hals (soľ) a prípona -gen << soľotvorné prvky

 fluór (F), chlór (Cl), bróm (Br), jód (I)

 VII.A (17.) skupina, nekovy

 elektrónová konfigurácia valenčnej vrstvy: ns²np⁵

oxidačné čísla
F: -I
Cl, Br, I: -I, I, III, V, VII
Chemické vlastnosti

 pri bežných podmienkach tvoria dvojatómové molekuly X₂

 väčšinou tvoria iónové väzby, zriedka kovalentné polárne väzby, vodíkové

väzby

 veľmi reaktívne a elektronegatívne (najviac F), stabilitu dosiahnu

vytvorením halogenidového aniónu X ⁻

 silné oxidovadlá (ox. vlastnosti klesajú od fluóru k jódu)

2KBr + Cl₂ → Br₂ + 2KCl

Fluór
 žltozelený plyn

 výskyt: kryolit, apatit, zubná sklovina

 organizmus ho prijíma z vody a mäsa morských rýb

 jeho nedostatok vo vode spôsobuje zubný kaz, pridáva sa do vody,

výroba zubných pást s fluoridom

 použitie: výroba plastických látok

Chlór
 žltozelený plyn, štipľavý zápach, vdychovaním leptá sliznicu

 voľný chlór je prudko jedovatý

 Cl₂ - oxidačné činidlo, vo vode sa rozpúšťa na chlórovú vodu – sterilizácia pitnej vody, lúhuje
zlato z hornín, bieli celulózu

príprava: 2KMnO₄ + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl ₂ + 5Cl ₂ + 8H ₂O

4HCl + MnO₂ → Cl₂ + MnCl₂ + H₂O

výroba: elektrolýza NaCl: 2NaCl + 2H₂O → NaOH + H ₂ + Cl ₂

použitie: CaCl₂
Bróm
 ťažká červenohnedá kvapalina, nepríjemný zápach, leptá pokožku a dráždi
sliznice

 použitie: výroba slzotvorných látok ako brómacetón (slzný plyn), liečív

KBr, NaBr – prostriedky upokojujúce nervy
CH₃CH₂Br (etylbromid) – uspávací prostriedok
AgBr – citlivý na svetlo, využitie vo fotografickom priemysle
Jód
 kovovolesklá tuhá látka

 sublimuje na fialové jedovaté pary (očný zápal, leptanie nosovej

sliznice)

 výskyt: cibuľa, mlieko

Chemické vlastnosti
 veľmi reaktívne (najviac F)

 pri bežných podmienkach tvoria dvojatómové molekuly X₂

 silné oxidovadlá

 väčšinou tvoria iónové väzby, zriedka kovalentné polárne väzby, vodíkové

väzby
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Whoa!
výskyt: vo forme nerastov: halit (NaCl), fluorid (CaF ₂),
sylvín (KCl), kryolit (Na3AlF6
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Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest planet to the Venus has a beautiful name and is
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System—it’s only a bit larger than terribly hot—even hotter than
the Moon. This planet’s name has Mercury—and its atmosphere is
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Mars Venus
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold Venus has a beautiful name and is the
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Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings.
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Neptune Venus Mars
Neptune is the farthest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
from the Sun. It’s also the and is the second planet from actually a cold place. It’s full
fourth-largest planet by the Sun. It’s terribly hot, of iron oxide dust, which
diameter in the Solar System even hotter than Mercury gives the planet its reddish
cast

Jupiter Saturn Earth

Jupiter is a gas giant and the Saturn is a gas giant and has Earth is the third planet from
biggest planet in the Solar rings. It's composed mostly the Sun and the only one in
System. It’s the fourth- of hydrogen and helium. It’s the Solar System that harbors
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Despite being red, Mars is a

Mars cold place

Saturn is a gas giant and has

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Jupiter Mercury
Jupiter doesn’t have a Mercury is a very
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75% Mars 95% Venus

Despite being red, it is Venus has a nice name,
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Saturn Neptune
It’s a gas giant and has Neptune is far away
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Customer relationship management

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25% Despite being red, Mars is
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95% Venus has a beautiful name
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Jupiter Mercury
Jupiter is a huge gas Mercury is a very
giant small planet

Mars Venus
Despite being red, it is
vs. Venus has a nice
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Saturn Neptune
It’s a gas giant and has Neptune is far away
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