Nanomaterials

Nano Materials and
Nanotechnology
Contents
1. Introduction
2. What are Nanomaterials and nanotechnology
3. Brief History
3. Explain various dimensions of nanomaterials
a. Bulk (3D)
b. Nano well (2D)
c. Nano wire (1D)
d. Quantum dot (0D) with examples
4. Synthesis methods
a. Top-down approach
b. Bottom-up approach
5. Applications
What are Nanomaterials and
Nanotechnology?
Let us first understand what is nano.
 Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system,
equal to one billionth of a metre (10-9).
Therefore,
 Nanomaterial is a material having particles of
dimensions less than 10-9 m or one that is produced by
nanotechnology.
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools,
machines and techniques, in order to solve a problem or
perform a specific function.
What are nanomaterials?
Size comparison chart
Why Nanomaterials?
The properties of materials can be different at the

Nanoscale for two main reasons:
First, Nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface area

when compared to the same mass of material produced
in a larger form.
Second, Nanomaterials can make materials more

chemically reactive and affect their strength or
electrical properties.
History of Nanotechnology – First
Example The “Lycurgus
Cup” is a Roman
artifact from before
640 AD.
It is dichroic, changing colour when illuminated from the

inside. This effect is caused by gold and silver
nanoparticles, and was likely produced by accident.
6
History of Nanotechnology
In ancient days the soot
coming out of fire were
nanoparticles
It was made use of in the

painting which is a very
ancient painting
History of Nanotechnology – Stained Glass
As early as 500 AD,

glass artisans were
making stained glass
windows with vibrant
reds and yellows.
These colours were

much more luminous
and durable than dyes
could produce.
They were the products of
“coinage metal”
nanoparticles imbedded in the
glass.
8
Various dimensions
Dimension Variation 
Various Dimensions
Nanoscale materials are divided into three types:
1. Zero dimension – length , breadth and heights are confined at

single point. The electron movement was restricted in entire three
dimensions (for example:Nano dots)
2. One dimension – It has only one parameter either length (or)
breadth (or) height The electron can move in one direction and
restricted in two directions.
( for example:very thin surface coatings,thin films)
3. Two dimensions- it has only length and breadth.The electron can
move in two directions and restricted in one direction.
(for example: nanowires and nanotubes)
4. Three dimensions -it has all parameter of length, breadth and
height.
(for example: Nano Particles).
Approaches of Nanotechnology
(growth methods ):
Bottom-up or top-down?
Bottom-up Approach Top-down approach

Bottom-up approaches seek to have Top-down approaches seek to create
smaller components built up into more nanoscale devices by using larger,
complex assemblies externally controlled ones to direct their
assembly.
Gas vapour condensation method is one The top-down approach often uses the
of the methods of Bottom up approach traditional workshop or microfabrication
methods where externally controlled
tools are used to cut, mill, and shape
materials into the desired shape and
order.
Top down Approach Processes:
Attrition ---the process of reducing something’s strength or

effectiveness through attack or pressure.
Attrition involves macro or micro scale particles to be ground in a

ball mill, ( a planetary ball mill), or other size reducing mechanism.
 The resulting particles are air classified to recover nanoparticles.
 Air Classification: Also known as Elitriation, is a process for

separating lighter particles from heavier one using a vertically-
directed stream of gas or liquid( usually upwards).This method is
predominately used for particles with size (>1μm).
The smaller or lighter particles rise to the top(overflow) because

their terminal velocities are lower than the velocity of the rising
fluid.
High Energy Ball Milling:
 Milling is the process of particle size reduction with

objective of mixing or blending and change of particle
size.
Normally hard brittle materials with fracture, deform

and cold weld during milling operation.
A variety of ball mills have been developed for this

purpose like tumbler mills, attrition mills, shaker mills,
vibratory mills, planetary mills, etc.
Top down Approach Processes: Ball mill
Mixing Ball milling Steel ball and

nanomaterials
TiO2 nanoparticles
High Ball Milling Method
Bottom up approach Processes :
 Methods to produce nanoparticles from atoms are

chemical processes based on transformation in
solution.
 They are
a. Sol-gel processing
b. Chemical vapour deposition (CVD)
c. Plasma or flame spraying synthesis, laser pyrolysis,
atomic or molecular condensation.
Gas phase condensation:
The theory of gas- phase condensation for the

production of metal nanopowders is well known,
having been first reported in 1930.
Gas-phase condensation uses a vacuum chamber

that consists of heating element, the metal to be
made into nano powder, powder collection
equipment and vacuum hardware.
1. Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine
• Because of their small size, nanoscale devices can readily
interact with biomolecules on both the surface of cells and
inside of cells.
• By gaining access to so many areas of the body, they have the
potential to detect disease and the deliver treatment.
• Nanoparticles can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells in your body.

• Nanomedicine is the medical use of molecular-sized particles to deliver
drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific cells in the human
body.
• Nano Particles - that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells to
minimize damage to healthy cells.
• Nanoshells - that concentrate the heat from infrared light to destroy cancer
cells with minimal damage to surrounding healthy cells.
• Nanotubes- used in broken bones to provide a structure for new bone
material to grow.
Nano shells as Cancer Therapy
Nano shells are injected into cancer area and they recognize
cancer cells. Then by applying near-infrared light, the heat
generated by the light-absorbing Nano shells has successfully
killed tumor cells while leaving neighboring cells intact.
Nanowires – used as medical sensor
• In this diagram (next page), Nano sized sensing wires are laid
down across a micro fluidic channel. As particles flow through the
micro fluidic channel, the Nanowire sensors pick up the molecular
identifications of these particles and can immediately relay this
information through a connection of electrodes to the outside
world.
• These Nanodevices are man-made constructs made with carbon,
silicon Nanowire.
• They can detect the presence of altered genes associated with
cancer and may help researchers pinpoint the exact location of
those changes
2. Nano Computing Technology
Past
Shared computing thousands of people
sharing a mainframe computer
Present
Personal computing
Future
Ubiquitous computing thousands of computers sharing each
and everyone of us; computers embedded in walls, chairs, clothing,
light switches, cars….; characterized by the connection of things in
the world with computation.
Modern Nanotech - Sunblock
Zinc oxide and titanium oxide are
both employed as opaque
sunblocks.
When particles are nanoscale, they

become invisible to the human
eye, but still reflect UV light.
Modern sunblocks can provide

a physical barrier without this
classic appearance.
28
Modern Nanotechnology –
Antimicrobial Fabric
Nanohorizons, a company in the

Pennsylvania, has started
producing a silver nanoparticle
material as both a dye and in
polyester and nylon.
The silver nanoparticles are

toxic to microbes, and so
colonies will never form, and
clothes using this material will
not have odours.
29
Future Directions - Solar Panels
Newer solar panels now

incorporate “nanocrystalline silicon”.
This increases efficiency by
“bouncing” the light around.
Upcoming solar cells incorporate

nanostructures (rods, ribbons,
particles) of different materials
to increase the efficiency of these
cells.
30
3. Sunscreens and Cosmetics
• Nanosized titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are currently used in
some sunscreens, as they absorb and reflect ultraviolet (UV) rays.
• Nanosized iron oxide is present in some lipsticks as a pigment.
4. Fuel Cells
The potential use of nano-engineered membranes to intensify
catalytic processes could enable higher-efficiency, small-scale fuel
cells.
5. Displays
• Nanocrystalline zinc selenide, zinc sulphide, cadmium sulphide and
lead telluride are candidates for the next generation of light-emitting
phosphors.
• CNTs are being investigated for low voltage field-emission displays;
their strength, sharpness, conductivity and inertness make them
potentially very efficient and long-lasting emitters.
6. Batteries
• With the growth in portable electronic equipment (mobile phones,

navigation devices, laptop computers, remote sensors), there is great
demand for lightweight, high-energy density batteries.
• Nanocrystalline materials are candidates for separator plates in

batteries because of their foam-like (aerogel) structure, which can
hold considerably more energy than conventional ones.
• Nickel–metal hydride batteries made of nanocrystalline nickel and

metal hydrides are envisioned to require less frequent recharging
and to last longer because of their large grain boundary (surface)
area.
7. Catalysts
In general, nanoparticles have a high surface area, and hence provide
higher catalytic activity.
8. Magnetic Nano Materials applications
• It has been shown that magnets made of nanocrystalline yttrium–
samarium–cobalt grains possess unusual magnetic properties due
to their extremely large grain interface area (high coercivity can
be obtained because magnetization flips cannot easily propagate
past the grain boundaries).
• This could lead to applications in motors, analytical instruments

like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), used widely in hospitals,
and microsensors.
• Nanoscale-fabricated magnetic materials also have applications in

data storage.
• Devices such as computer hard disks storage capacity is increased

with Magnetic Nano materials
9. Medical Implantation
• Unfortunately, in some cases, the biomedical metal alloys may wear
out within the lifetime of the patient. But Nano materials increases
the life time of the implant materials.
.
• Nanocrystalline zirconium oxide (zirconia) is hard, wear resistant,
bio-corrosion resistant and bio-compatible.
• It therefore presents an attractive alternative material for implants.
• Nanocrystalline silicon carbide is a candidate material for artificial

heart valves primarily because of its low weight, high strength and
inertness.
10. Water purification
•Nano-engineered membranes could potentially lead to more energy-
efficient water purification processes, notably in desalination process.
11. Military Battle Suits
• Enhanced nanomaterials form the basis of a state-of- the-art

‘battle suit’ that is being developed.
• A short-term development is likely to be energy-absorbing

materials that will withstand blast waves;
• longer-term are those that incorporate sensors to detect or

respond to chemical and biological weapons (for example,
responsive nanopores that ‘close’ upon detection of a
biological agent).
Thank You

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Nano Materials and

The properties of materials can be different at the

First, Nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface area

Second, Nanomaterials can make materials more

It is dichroic, changing colour when illuminated from the

It was made use of in the

As early as 500 AD,

These colours were

1. Zero dimension – length , breadth and heights are confined at

Bottom-up Approach Top-down approach

Attrition ---the process of reducing something’s strength or

Attrition involves macro or micro scale particles to be ground in a

 The resulting particles are air classified to recover nanoparticles.

 Air Classification: Also known as Elitriation, is a process for

The smaller or lighter particles rise to the top(overflow) because

 Milling is the process of particle size reduction with

Normally hard brittle materials with fracture, deform

A variety of ball mills have been developed for this

Mixing Ball milling Steel ball and

 Methods to produce nanoparticles from atoms are

The theory of gas- phase condensation for the

Gas-phase condensation uses a vacuum chamber

• Nanoparticles can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells in your body.

When particles are nanoscale, they

Modern sunblocks can provide

Nanohorizons, a company in the

The silver nanoparticles are

Newer solar panels now

Upcoming solar cells incorporate

• With the growth in portable electronic equipment (mobile phones,

• Nanocrystalline materials are candidates for separator plates in

• Nickel–metal hydride batteries made of nanocrystalline nickel and

• This could lead to applications in motors, analytical instruments

• Nanoscale-fabricated magnetic materials also have applications in

• Devices such as computer hard disks storage capacity is increased

• It therefore presents an attractive alternative material for implants.

• Nanocrystalline silicon carbide is a candidate material for artificial

• Enhanced nanomaterials form the basis of a state-of- the-art

• A short-term development is likely to be energy-absorbing

• longer-term are those that incorporate sensors to detect or

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