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    Chapter 4 (Part 4.2.1)

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    I'm Jihye

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    Chapter 4 (Part 4.2.1)

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    I'm Jihye
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views15 pages

    Chapter 4 (Part 4.2.1)

    Uploaded by

    I'm Jihye

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 15

    CHAPTER 4

    4.2Periodicity
    4.2 Periodicity
    Learning Outcomes
    At the end of the lesson the students should be able to
    (a) Explain the variation in atomic radii
    i) across Period 2 and 3
    ii) down a group.
    (b) Compare and explain the atomic radius of an
    element to its corresponding ionic radius

    2
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii

     The size/radius of atom is difficult to be defined


    because the electron cloud has no clear boundary.
     The atomic radius is taken as half of the distance
    between the nuclei of two adjacent identical atom.
     Example:

    Radius, r = a (Å)
    2
    Size  volume
    V = 4/3 πr3 , V r

    a 3
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii

    4
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii

    There are two major factors affecting the size of atom


    in the Periodic Table :

    i. Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

    ii. Value of the principal quantum number of


    the valence electrons ; shielding effect

    5
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii
    i) Effective nuclear charge, Zeff
    The charge an electron actually experiences as a
    result of shielding (screening) effects by other
    electrons.
    Electrons moving around the nucleus do not
    experience equal strength of nucleus attraction.
    Electrons closer to the nucleus experience stronger
    nucleus attraction than the electrons further away
    from the nucleus.

    6
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii
    i) Effective nuclear charge, Zeff
    The effective nuclear charge,Zeff which is the
    “positive charge” felt by an electron is given by :

    Zeff = Z – S

    Where ...
    Z = number of proton
    S = number of electrons filled at the inner
    orbital or number of inner / core
    electrons 7
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii
    i) Effective nuclear charge, Zeff n=1
    Example 1 : n=2
    Consider the lithium atom with
    electronic configuration of 1s2 2s1
    The inner 2 electrons ( 1s2 ), shield the outer 2s1
    electrons from the positive charge of 3 protons.
    Therefore : Zeff = Z–S
    = 3–2
    = +1
    Zeff experienced by the 2s electron is only + 1 8
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii
    i) Effective nuclear charge, Zeff n=1
    Example 2 :
    Consider a sodium atom.
    n=2
    Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
    n=3
    core electron
    The 3s electron would be perfectly screened from
    the positively charged nucleus.
    Zeff = Z – S
    = + 11 – 10 = + 1
    Thus, the valence electron would experience an
    attraction to a net positive charge of only +1 9
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii

    ii) The Shielding Effect


    It is also known as the screening effect.
    The Shielding Effect is caused by the mutual
    repulsion between electrons of inner shell and
    the electrons occupying valence shell.
    It also occurs between electrons of the same shell
    but is less effective compared to that of electrons
    of different shells.
    10
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii

    ii) The Shielding Effect

    11
    4.2 Trends : Atomic & Ionic
    Radii
    (a) Variation In Atomic Radii

    ii) The Shielding Effect


    Example …

    Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 K : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
    The shielding effect on valence è of Na is less than K.
    Therefore, when n increases, the shielding effect
    increases. 12
    Try this … 1
    For element Z, the number of electrons left after the
    second ionisation is 12.
    Write the electronic configuration for the element Z.
    State the position of element Z in the periodic table.

    13
    Try this … 2

    Element R has electronic configuration as follows.

    1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4


    (i) State the group, period and block for
    element R.
    (ii) Give the chemical formula of oxide for
    element R with an oxidation state of +6.

    14
    Try this … 3

    Given the set of quantum numbers for the highest


    energy electron in atom X:
    (4, 1, 0, +1/2)
    a) Write the electronic configuration of X
    b) What is the most stable ion of X? Write its
    electronic configuration.
    c) Draw the shape of orbitals occupied by the
    electrons with the highest principal quantum
    number in X.
    15

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