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Chapter 04-Intersection Control

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10 views28 pages

Chapter 04-Intersection Control

Uploaded by

nyakiveridiana
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Intersection Control

Intersection
An intersection is defined as the
general area where two or more
highways join or cross, including
the roadway and roadside
facilities for traffic movements
within the area
Highway crossings
Three general types of highway
crossings are:
• at-grade intersections
• grade separations without
ramps
• interchanges
Conflicts at At-Grade
Intersections
Traffic conflicts occur where the path of traffic movement crosses.
At-Grade Intersection Conflicts
How to Reduce Conflicts

The Use of Roundabout


How to Reduce Conflicts
Hierarchy of Intersection Control
 Level I—Basic rules of the road
 Level II—Direct assignment of
right-of-way using or
sign
 Level III—Traffic Signalization
Level I Control: Basic
Rules of the Road
Basic rules of the road apply at
any intersection where right-of-
way is not explicitly assigned
through the use of traffic
signals, STOP, or YIELD signs.
Level I Control: Basic
Rules of the Road
To safely operate under basic
rules of the road, drivers on
conflicting approaches must be
able to see each other in time
so as to take appropriate action
to avoid conflicts.
Intersection Sight Distance
Two types of clear sight
triangles are considered
in intersection design:
• approach sight triangle
• departure sight triangle
Critical Distances
b d b
 A

d a
B
a

a.d
d  A

d b
B
A
Analysis Steps
• Assume Vehicle A is located one
safe stopping distance from the
collision point
• Determine, dBact
• Determine, dBmin
• If dBact <dBmin, intersection not safe
to operate under basic rules of the
road
Another Method
Vehicle A must travel 18 ft past the
collision point in the same time that
Vehicle B travels to a point 12 ft before
the collision point.
d  18 d  12
A
 B

1.47 S 1.47 S
A B

S
d  (d  18)  12B

S
B A
A
If one of the sight triangles does not
meet sight distance criteria,
consider:
• reducing speed
• implementing:
– control

– control
Control
A YIELD sign assigns right-of-way
to the major uncontrolled street and
requires vehicles on the minor
approach(es) to slow and yield to
major street vehicles.
Warrants for Sign
YIELD signs may be used instead of STOP signs if engineering judgment
indicates that one or more of the following conditions exist:
A. When the ability to see all potentially conflicting traffic is sufficient to
allow a road user traveling at the posted speed, the 85th-percentile
speed, or the statutory speed to pass through the intersection or to
stop in a reasonably safe manner.
B. If controlling a merge-type movement on the entering roadway where
acceleration geometry and/or sight distance is not adequate for
merging traffic operation.
C. The second crossroad of a divided highway, where the median width at
the intersection is 9 m (30 ft) or greater. In this case, a STOP sign may
be installed at the entrance to the first roadway of a divided highway,
and a YIELD sign may be installed at the entrance to the second
roadway.
D. An intersection where a special problem exists and where engineering
judgment indicates the problem to be susceptible to correction by the
use of the YIELD sign.
Two-Way Stop Controlled Intersections

• Minor street approaches are controlled


by stop signs
• Major street approaches are not
controlled
Flow at TWSC Intersections
• There is no positive indicator or control
given to the driver
• The driver alone must decide when it is
safe to enter the intersection
• Drivers look for a safe opportunity or
“gap” in traffic to enter the intersection
• Drivers must also respect the priority of
other drivers
4-Way Stop Intersections
The default rule is:
• Whichever vehicle stops first has priority.
• If two vehicles stop at the same time, priority is
given to the vehicle on the right.
• If three vehicles stop at the same time, priority is
given to the two vehicles going in opposite
directions.
• If four vehicles stop, drivers usually use gestures
and other communication to establish right-of-
way. In some areas, the custom is for the north-
south or the more-trafficked road to have priority,
although this is rare.
Warrants for Multiway Stop Control
A. Where traffic control signals are justified, the multiway stop is an interim
measure that can be installed quickly to control traffic while arrangements are
being made for the installation of the traffic control signal.
B. A crash problem, as indicated by 5 or more reported crashes in a 12-month
period that are susceptible to correction by a multiway stop installation. Such
crashes include right- and left-turn collisions as well as right-angle collisions.
C. Minimum volumes:
1. The vehicular volume entering the intersection from the major street
approaches (total of both approaches) averages at least 300 vehicles per
hour for any 8 hours of an average day, and
2. The combined vehicular, pedestrian, and bicycle volume entering the
intersection from the minor street approaches (total of both approaches)
averages at least 200 units per hour for the same 8 hours, with an average
delay to minor-street vehicular traffic of at least 30 seconds per vehicle
during the highest hour, but
3. If the 85th-percentile approach speed of the major-street traffic exceeds 65
km/h or exceeds 40 mph, the minimum vehicular volume warrants are 70
percent of the above values
D. Where no single criterion is satisfied, but where Criteria B, C.1, and C.2 are all
satisfied to 80 percent of the minimum values. Criterion C.3 is excluded from
this condition.
Level III Control: Traffic
Control Signals
History of Traffic Signals
• Manually operated semaphores
used in London, 1868
• First electric traffic signal installed in
Cleveland, 1914
• Interconnected signals first used in
Salt Lake City, 1922
• First actuated signals installed at
New Haven, East Norwalk, and
Baltimore in 1928
Advantages of Signal
Installation
i. Provide for the orderly movement of traffic
ii. Reduce the frequency of certain types of crashes
iii. Increase the traffic handling capacity of the
intersection
iv. Provide a means of interrupting heavy traffic to allow
other traffic, both vehicular& pedestrian, to enter or
cross
v. Provide for nearly continuous movement of traffic at
a desired speed along a given route by coordination
vi. Afford considerable economy over manual control
vii. Promote driver confidence by assigning right of way
Disadvantages of Signal Installation
i. Most installations increase total
intersection delay and fuel consumption,
especially during off-peak hours
ii. Probable increase in certain types of
crashes
iii. When improperly located, cause
unnecessary delay and promote
disrespect
iv.When improperly timed cause excessive
delay, increasing driver irritation
Warrants for Traffic Signals
Warrant 1, Eight-Hour Vehicular Volume.
Warrant 2, Four-Hour Vehicular Volume.
Warrant 3, Peak Hour.
Warrant 4, Pedestrian Volume.
Warrant 5, School Crossing.
Warrant 6, Coordinated Signal System.
Warrant 7, Crash Experience.
Warrant 8, Roadway Network.

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