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    Lecture 14 Genetic Engineering

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    menevolution70

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    Lecture 14 Genetic Engineering

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    menevolution70
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    Lecture 14 Genetic Engineering (1)

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    8 views5 pages

    Lecture 14 Genetic Engineering

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    menevolution70

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Genetic engineering

    Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that


    uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an
    organism
    Histroy
    • Circa 8000 BCE: Humans use traditional modification methods like
    selective breeding and cross-breeding to breed plants and animals
    with more desirable traits.
    • 1866: Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, breeds two different types
    of peas and identifies the basic process of genetics.
    • 1922: The first hybrid corn is produced and sold commercially.
    • 1940: Plant breeders learn to use radiation or chemicals to randomly
    change an organism’s DNA.
    • 1953: Building on the discoveries of chemist Rosalind Franklin,
    scientists James Watson and Francis Crick identify the structure of
    DNA.
    • 1973: Biochemists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen develop genetic
    engineering by inserting DNA from one bacteria into another.
    • 1982: FDA approves the first consumer GMO product developed
    through genetic engineering: human insulin to treat diabetes.
    • 1986: The federal government establishes the Coordinated
    Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology. This policy describes
    how the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Environmental
    Protection Agency (EPA), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
    work together to regulate the safety of GMOs.
    • 1992: FDA policy states that foods from GMO plants must meet the
    same requirements, including the same safety standards, as foods
    derived from traditionally bred plants.
    • 1994: The first GMO produce created through genetic engineering—a
    GMO tomato—becomes available for sale after studies evaluated by
    federal agencies proved it to be as safe as traditionally bred tomatoes.
    • 1990s: The first wave of GMO produce created through genetic
    engineering becomes available to consumers: summer squash, soybeans,
    cotton, corn, papayas, tomatoes, potatoes, and canola. Not all are still
    available for sale.

    • 2003: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture
    Organization (FAO) of the United Nations develop international guidelines
    and standards to determine the safety of GMO foods.

    • 2005: GMO alfalfa and sugar beets are available for sale in the United
    States.

    • 2015: FDA approves an application for the first genetic modification in an


    animal for use as food, a genetically engineered salmon.
    • 2016: Congress passes a law requiring labeling for some foods
    produced through genetic engineering and uses the term
    “bioengineered,” which will start to appear on some foods.

    • Timeline of Genetic Modification in Agriculture


    • 2017: GMO apples are available for sale in the U.S.

    • 2019: FDA completes consultation on first food from a genome edited


    plant.

    • 2020: GMO pink pineapple is available to U.S. consumers.

    • 2020: Application for GalSafe pig was approved

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