MACHINE TOOLS

AND CNC SYSTEMS

Dr Pranesh Dutta
Assistant Professor
MED, NITC

Email: praneshdutta@nitc.ac.in
Factors of Innovation
1. Increase in demand for

(a) Large volume of products. (b) Higher productivity.

(c) Better product quality. (d) Overall economy.

2. Advent and incorporation of power (i.e., engines, electric

motors, etc.).

3. Development and increasing use of stronger and harder work

materials and need for their machining.

4. Rapid changes in size, shape and geometry of the products

requiring various types of machining operations such as turning,
drilling, milling, etc.

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Factors of Innovation
5. Development and use of more effective and efficient cutting tools,
types and material such as HSS, carbides, etc.

6. Remarkable developments of mechanizations and automations and

their application in machining devices.

7. Development and use of improved power drives systems:

(a) Mechanical. (b) Electromechanical. (c) Hydraulic. (d) Combination.

8. Recent revolutionization by induction of numerical control and

computers in manufacturing.

9. Possible integration of machining, automatic material handling, on-

line condition monitoring and control, etc.

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Classification of
Machine Tools
1. According to primary machining operations
2. According to nature of cutting motion
3. According to the basic purpose of use
4. According to degree of automation
5. According to type of automation
6. According to size or capacity
7. According to type of blank
8. According to precision
9. According to configuration

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1. According to primary
machining operations
(a) Turning: lathes.

(b) Drilling: drilling machines.

(c) Shaping: shaping machine.

(d) Milling: milling machine.

(e) Boring: boring machines.

(f) Broaching: broaching machines.

(g) Grinding: grinding machines.

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2. According to nature
of cutting motion
(a) Rotating workpiece: all types of lathes.

(b) Rotating tool: drilling machine, milling machine, boring

machine, grinding machine, hobbing machine, etc.

(c) Reciprocating tool: shaping machine, slotting machine,

gear shaping machine and broaching machine.

(d) Reciprocating job: planing machine.

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3. According to the
basic purpose of use
a) General purpose: wide ranges of tools,
jobs and operations (e.g., centre lathes).

(b) Single purpose: only one or very few

operations (e.g., Drilling machine).
Centre Lathe
(c) Special purpose: a definite number
SPM Boring
and type of operations repeatedly done Machine tool
on single type of blank (e.g., finish
machining of bevel gear, blanks, cylinder
blocks of IC engines, gear box housing,
etc.).
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4. According to degree
of automation
(a) Non-automatic: centre lathes,
shaping machines, drilling machines,
etc.

(b) Semi-automatic: capstan lathe,

turret lathe, etc.

(c) Automatic: single spindle

automatic lathe, Swiss type
automatic lathe, transfer machine,
CNC milling, machining centre, etc. CNC

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5. According to type of
automation
(a) Fixed automation: automatic lathe, transfer machines, etc.

(b) Flexible automation: CNC turning machine, CNC milling

machine, machining centre, CNC grinding machine, etc.

Transfer Machine

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 6. According to size or
capacity
(a) Heavy duty: large, bulky horizontal and vertical
lathes, boring mills planing machines, etc. of power
above 11 kW (roughly).

(b) Medium duty: widely used centre lathes of power

2.2–11 kW. Table top lathes

(c) Small and mini: table top lathes of power less than
1.1 kW.

(d) Micro lathe: table top very small lathes (length

smaller than 300 mm) such as Swiss type lathes being
used mainly for turning parts of wrist watch and
similar small products. Swiss Micro lathe

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7. According to type of
blank
(a) Chucking type: vertical lathes, turning centre, etc.

(b) Bar type: capstan lathe, single spindle automatic lathe, etc.

(c) Housing type: horizontal boring machine, CNC milling and

machining centre

8. According to precision
(a) General: centre lathes, milling machine, drilling machine, etc.

(b) Precision and high precision: Swiss type automatic lathes,

grinding machines, jig boring machine, etc.

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10. According to
configuration
(a) Horizontal: lathes in general, horizontal boring machine
and broaching machine.

(b) Vertical: vertical lathe, vertical boring machine, vertical

broaching machine, gear shaping machine, etc.

Horizontal and Vertical Lathe

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Families of Conventional
Machine Tools
1. Lathe machine tools
1. Centre lathes: all horizontal

(a) Micro (size) lathes.

(b) Table top small lathes.

(c) Medium duty lathes.

(d) Heavy duty lathes.

Heavy duty lathes

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2. Single-purpose lathes
(a) Facing lathe.

(b) Multi-tooling
lathe.

(c) Roll turning lathe.

(d) Relieving lathe.

Relieving lathe

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3. Semi-automatic
lathes
(a) Capstan lathe of various sizes.

(b) Turret lathes of various sizes

 Horizontal – common.
 Vertical axis type – less common.
 Vertical axis and multiple spindle type.

(c) Copying lathes

 Mechanical type.
 Hydraulic drive type

Copying lathe
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 4. Automatic lathes of
varying sizes
(a) Automatic cutting off lathe.

(b) Single spindle automatic lathe.

(c) Swiss type automatic lathe.

(d) Multiple spindle (2,4,6,8) automatic lathe.

Swiss type automatic lathes Multiple spindle (6) automatic

lathe
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Various Drilling
Machines
1. Pillar drill
(a) Micro-drilling machine.
(b) Table top small drilling machines.
(c) Medium duty pillar drill.

Pillar drill

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 2. Column drilling
machines
• The box column drill or pillar drill has a
heavy foot that is firmly mounted in the
floor or a workstation.
• A column runs over the foot of the drill
machine and extends into the housing.
On the column is also an adjustable drill
or machine table, which can be brought
to the appropriate height via a threaded
spindle.

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3. Radial drilling
machines
A machine in which the
drilling head is mounted to
slide along a radial arm
which can be rotated, raised,
or lowered on a vertical mast
to adjust the position of the
drill above the workpiece

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4. Gang drilling machine

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5. Multiple spindle
drilling machine
(a) Horizontal type.
(b) Vertical type.

Vertical type multiple spindle

drilling machine

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Grinding Machine
1. Cylindrical grinding 4. Screw threads grinding
(a) External grinding type.
machines
(b) Internal grinding type.
(a) For external threads.
(c) Both external and internal grinding
types. (b) For internal threads.

2. Surface grinding machines (c) Centreless thread grinding.

(a) With horizontal wheel axis.
5. Tool and cutter grinder
(b) With vertical wheel axis.

3. Centreless grinding machines

(a) External grinding type.

(b) Internal grinding type.

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 Cylindrical grinding Surface grinding machines

Centreless grinding machines Screw threads grinding machines

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Shaping, Planing and
Slotting Machines

Shaper Planer

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Shaping, Planing and
Slotting Machines

Slotting

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 Milling Machine Tool
1. Knee type and column type milling machines of various sizes and
capacities

(a) Horizontal or plain milling machine tool.

(b) Vertical milling machine tool.

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 Milling Machine Tool
1. Knee type and column type milling machines of various sizes and capacities

(c) Universal milling machine tool.

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Milling Machine Tool
2. Fixed Bed Type: The bed is fixed only the spindle can
move.

(a) Simplex milling machine: Movement of spindle in

vertical direction

(b) Duplex milling machine: Movement in both horizontal

and vertical directions

(c) Triplex milling machine: Movement in all 3 directions

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Milling Machine Tool
3. Special Type

(a) Rotary Table Milling Machine

(b) Tracer controlled Milling Machine (c) CNC Milling Machine

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 Boring Machine

CNC Horizontal Boring Machine

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Broaching Machines
1. Broach: pull type or push type.
2. Configuration: horizontal or vertical.
3. Application: internal broaching or external
broaching.

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 Vertical Broaching Machine

Horizontal Continuous Broaching Machine

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