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    Qualitative Tests of Phenol

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    Qualitative Tests of Phenol

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    Quantitative test

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    Quantitative test

    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    20 views12 pages

    Qualitative Tests of Phenol

    Uploaded by

    patelkeval3080
    Quantitative test

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Qualitative Tests of Phenol

    • There are many tests for detecting the phenolic group.


    a) Litmus Test: Phenol turns blue litmus paper red. This
    shows that phenol is acidic in nature. Carboxylic
    acid also give this test. Compare to carboxylic acid
    phenol is weakly acidic and it does not give an
    effervescence with aqueous sodium carbonate.
    b) Ferric Chloride Test: Aqueous solution of phenol
    reacts with freshly prepared ferric chloride solution
    gives coloured complex. Most phenols give dark
    coloured solution.
    The chemical reaction is given below:
    • The colours produced by simple phenolic compounds
    with ferric chloride solution is listed below.
    Phenol, Resorcinol, o-cresol, Violet or blue
    P-cresol colouration
    Catechol Green colouration
    Hydroquinone Violet or transient
    blue color
    Pyrogallol Blue rapidly changing
    to red
    c) Liebermann’s Test
    Principle:
    Sodium nitrite on reaction with concentrated sulphuric
    acid liberates nitrous acid, which undergoes electrophilic
    aromatic substitution reaction with phenol to yield yellow
    coloured 4-nitrosophenol (quinone monoxime), which then
    reacts with excess of phenol to form an indophenol that
    acts as an acid-base indicator.
    Indophenol has characteristic blue colour. When
    indophenol is pour into water it is converted into red
    colour and upon addition of sodium hydroxide solution
    (basic condition), blue colour again reappear.
    Reaction
    Limitation of Liebermann’s Test
    1. The precise colour obtained varies with the purity of the
    phenol, amount of reagents used, temperature and time of
    heating.
    2. This reaction is characteristic of the phenols in which an
    ortho or para position is unsubstituted; therefore ortho and
    para substituted phenol does not give this test positive.
    3. Dihydroxyphenol only resorcinol gives satistactory positive
    test. Para substituted phenol, nitro-phenol, catechol,
    hydroquinone, and phenol having aldehyde, carboxylic and
    acety group do not respond to this test.
    d) Bromine Water Test
    Principle:
    Since the aromatic nucleus of a phenol is substantially
    more reactive toward electrophilic aromatic
    substitution reaction than benzene, phenols easily
    reacts with bromine to gives precipitate of 2,4,6-
    tribromophenol (a bromo derivative of phenol) through
    electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction with
    disappearance of bromine colour is a positive result.
    The advantage of bromine in water over bromine in
    cartbon tetrachloride is that the more polar solvent
    greatly increases the rate of bromination reaction by
    the ionic mechanism
    Reaction
    e) Phthalein test
    Principle:
    Phenol reacts with phthalic anhydride in presence of
    concentrated sulphuric acid to gives condensation
    product like phenolphthalein or fluorescein depending
    upon the types of phenol used.
    All the condensed product acts as an acid-base
    indicator, therefore in presence of sodium hydroxide it
    will gives characteristic red or blue or green colour.
    Reaction
    f) Reduction of KMnO4
    Principle:
    Phenolic compound in presence of potassium
    permanganate solution undergoes oxidation reaction
    and gets converted into quinones; an excess of the
    reagent yields a series of oxidation products, including
    oxalic acid, maleic acid, and carbon dioxide.
    Reaction
    g) Reimer Tiemann Test
    Principle:
    Phenols are smoothly converted into phenolic aldehydes by
    reaction with chloroform in presence of base like sodium
    hydroxide and the reaction known as Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
    This reaction involves the electrophilic aromatic substitution
    reaction of dichlorocarbene (an electrophile) on the highly
    reactive phenoxide ring. The reaction occurs primarily in an
    ortho-position unless both are blocked.
    Reaction
    Mechanism

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