CHAPTER 1: BASIC SENTENCE

ELEMENTS AND WORD TYPES

I. BASIC SENTENCE ELEMENTS

II. WORD TYPES
 Aims of Chapter 1
• Students can recognize the basic elements of a
sentence.
(Người học có thể xác định được các thành tố cơ
bản của một câu trong tiếng Anh)
• Students can identify different parts of speech.
(Người học có thể phân tích được các loại từ loại
trong tiếng Anh.)
Can you list some parts of
speech / word types?

3
 Word types / Parts of speech

1. Noun 5. Verb
2. Pronoun 6. Determiner
3. Adjective 7. Preposition
4. Adverb 8. Conjunction
EX
Work in groups of five to present
what you know about English word
types (parts of speech). Remember
to include examples in your
presentation.
2.1 Noun 2.5 Verb
2.2 Pronoun 2.6 Determiner
2.3 Adjective 2.7 Preposition
2.4 Adverb 2.8 Conjunction
 1. Noun

Jane does not like wine.

Peter wants to buy a car.
George bought some pens 2 days ago.
 1. Noun
- A noun refers to a person, animal, thing or place.
- Nouns are the largest word class in English.
- Most nouns have singular and plural forms. They are
countable nouns.
e.g. There is a letter on the table for you. (singular)
There are letters on the table for you. (plural)
 1. Noun
- Some nouns only have one form. They are uncountable
nouns.
e.g. There is a lot of money in my bank account.
- Many uncountable nouns refer to substances: chocolate,
water, coffee, milk, sugar, salt, cheese, bread, rice, wood,
glass, plastic, soap, toothpaste.
e.g. The milk is sour – let’s make cheese.
Rice is only edible when it has been cooked.
 1. Noun
- Many uncountable nouns refer to abstract ideas or
emotions: love, sadness, happiness, education, healthcare
e.g., Money can’t buy love.
We like to experience happiness.
This education is priceless.
 2. Pronoun

• We told Barbara the truth.

• Kate asked him about the festival.
• Jim made this toy himself.
• Everyone advised Ethan to quit his job.
• This is my book, yours is over there.
 2. Pronoun
- is used to replace a noun / noun phrase to avoid
repetition
- performs all of the grammatical functions of a noun
• Types of pronoun:
1. Personal pronouns: he, she, it, they, him, her, them
2. Reflexive pronouns: himself, yourself, themselves
3. Indefinite pronouns: everyone, nobody, anything
4. Possessive pronouns: yours, mine, his, hers, theirs, its,
ours
 3. Adjective
She is a beautiful girl.
I want someone intelligent.
The plan seems incomplete and unusually
expensive.

- is a word that describes the quality or the state of

something (noun / pronoun)
 3. Adjective
Position of Adjectives
Attributive position: before or right after a noun
pronoun
She is a beautiful girl.
I want someone intelligent.
Predicative position: after a linking verb (Subject
complement)
Ex: The plan seems incomplete and unusually expensive.
 4. Adverb
Please park your bike over there.
He usually talks to his grandparents.
Jim can speak Chinese fluently.
This dress is very expensive.
- is a word that adds more information about place,
time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an
adjective, another adverb, a phrase, a clause or a
whole sentence
 4. Adverb
Types of adverbs
1. Adverbs of manner (well, quickly)
2. Adverbs of place (here, upstairs)
3. Adverbs of time (today)
4. Adverbs of frequency (always, never)
5. Adverbs of degree (very, really)
6. Adverbs of focus and viewpoint (even, only)
7. Truth adverbs (certainly, perhaps)
8. Comment adverbs (luckily, surprisingly)
9. Linking adverbs (finally, in addition)
 5. Verb
She slept for 12 hours yesterday.
She looks marvelous in that dress.
You should leave right now.
The parent has had his house built.
 5. Verb
- shows an action, event or a state of being
She slept for 12 hours yesterday.
She looks marvelous in that dress.
You should leave right now.
The parent has had his house built.
 5.1. Verb Form
English verbs have 2 forms (finite & non – finite).
- Finite verb
- shows agreement with a subject
- carries tense, person, number, voice (active & passive), mood
(indicative mood - chỉ định thức, imperative mood - mệnh lệnh thức,
subjunctive mood- giả định thức)
 5.1. Verb Form
- Non - finite verb
- doesn’t show agreement with a subject
- isn’t marked for tense, person, number
- includes infinitive and participle forms
- e.g. Seen (non-finite) at a distance, the picture looks
(finite) extremely beautiful.
He wanted (finite) to find (non-finite) a solution.
 5.2. Verb Type

English verbs have 2 types:

Auxiliary verbs and Lexical/main verbs.
 5.2.1. Auxiliary verb
- is used with a main lexical verb
- provides grammatical information: tense, voice and mood

5.2.1.1. Primary auxiliaries

Be the continuous tense & the passive voice
e.g. She was reading books. / Rice is grown in tropical countries.
Do in interrogative, negative & emphatic structures
e.g. He doesn’t speak English, but he does speak a little Spanish.
Have the perfect
e.g. We have been friends for more than 10 years.
 5.2.1. Auxiliary verb

5.2.1.2. Modal auxiliaries

can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would
and need.
5.2.1.3. Compound auxiliaries
Have to, have got to, be able to, be about to, be supposed to, be
expected to
 5.2.2. Lexical verb
- shows the action, occurrence or state of being
- provides content and meaning information
- varies for tense and voice
- serves as the main/ head verb of verb phrases

For example
The car is being washed by my sister.
The professor is lecturing on children's rights.
 5.2.2. Lexical verb
5.2.2.1. Action verb
- expresses a specific action
 Intransitive verb: has no object
e.g. He is running. She is reading.
 Transitive verb: has 1 or 2 objects
e.g. They are reading books.
She cooked us a big meal.
 5.2.2. Lexical verb
5.2.2.2. Stative verb
- shows thoughts, opinions, emotions, senses, or possession
- can’t be used in continuous tenses
 Transitive verb: has 1 object (believe, understand, have,
hate, love, hear, depend, dislike)
e.g. We have a beautiful garden.
He dislikes being at home alone.
 Linking verb: doesn’t show an action but rather describes
the subject (be, appear, taste, smell, feel, seem, look,
become, remain)
e.g. She looks tired. / He is a teacher.
 6. Determiner
- is used before a noun to show which particular
example of the noun being referred to

e.g. a boy, that book, her teacher, some children

 6. Determiner

Types of determiner
1. Article (a, the)
2. Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)
3. Possessive (my, his, their, etc.)
4. Quantifier (all, any, enough, less, a lot of, etc.)
 7. Preposition
- is used before a noun / noun phrase / pronoun to show
a relationship in space or time or a logical relationship
between two or more people, places or things
 7. Preposition
Types of Preposition
1. Prepositions of Direction (She’s going to school.)
2. Prepositions of Time (They don’t go to work on
Saturday.)
3. Prepositions of Place (She put the book on the desk.)
4. Prepositions of Spatial Relationships (Can you see
the trees behind the house?)
 8. Conjunction
- is used to connect words, phrases, and clauses in a
sentence
 8. Conjunction
Types of Conjunction
1. Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, so, for,
yet)
2. Subordinating conjunctions (because, since, as,
although, though, while, whereas, etc.)
3. Correlative conjunctions (either/or, neither/nor, not
only/but also; etc.)
EXERCISES
I. Identify the word type of each underlined expression in the following sentences.

1. I hate travelling to my hometown.

2. John performed very well in the exams.
3. Don’t waste your precious time on John.
4. The President supported the action.
5. The strike lasted for more than a week.
I. Identify the word type of each underlined expression in the following sentences.

6. Democracy gives power to the people.

7. The fox jumped over the wall.
8. He is a professor.
9. The country, Sweden, is very peaceful.
10. It was written by George Orwell.
I. Identify the word type of each underlined expression in the following sentences.

11. Few snakes are dangerous.

12. I never have enough money.
13. Few of the snakes are dangerous.
14. All of the children live at home.
15. This apple is good. I like those houses.
16. This is good. I like those.
I. Identify the word type of each underlined expression in the following sentences.

17. Coming home, I found the dog

poisoned.
18. Seen at a distance, the picture looks
extremely beautiful.
19. Somebody ate my sandwich.
20. They greeted each other with smiles.
II. Identify the verb in the following sentences.
(linking, transitive, or intransitive verb)

1. She looks fine.

2. He seems confused.
3. They tasted the pizza.
4. The pizza tasted good.
5. The door opened, and he walked in.
6. Train fares remain unchanged.
Identify the verb in the following sentences.
(linking, transitive, or intransitive verb)

7. Very little of the house remained after the

fire.
8. That sounds fantastic.
9. People grow rice in that area.
10. He grew tired of running.
11. Tomatoes grow best in direct sunlight.
Thank you!