WHAT IS SQL

•A QUERY LANGUAGE
SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED
FOR MANAGING DATA IN
A DATABASE
 WHAT IS
DATABASE?
• A STRUCTURED SET OF DATA HELD IN A COMPUTER/ SERVER,
WHICH CAN BE ACCESSED BY PROGRAMS/ SOFTWARES FOR
USE IN THEIR SYSTEM.
SQL AND MY SQL
• SQL IS THE QUERY LANGUAGE USED IN MYSQL.
• MYSQL IS AN OPEN SOURCE RDBMS (RELATIONAL DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)
NOTE:
ANG SQL YUN YUNG LANGUAGE NA GINAGAMIT SA MYSQL AT
ANG MYSQL AY SOFTWARE SYA OR PLATFORM NA GINAGAMIT
NG SQL PARA MAKAPAGMANAGE NG DATABASE.
 WHAT IS THE
BENEFITS OF
LEARNING SQL?
• USED IN ALMOST EVERY PLATFORM WHEN IT REGARDS TO
DATABASE LEARNING THIS WOULD BE AGREAT HELP WHEN
STARTING TO LEARN HOW TO CONNECT DATABASES USING
OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.
 DATABASE
STRUCTURE
 Some of The Most Important SQL Commands

• SELECT - extracts data from a database

• UPDATE - updates data in a database
• DELETE - deletes data from a database
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
• DROP TABLE - deletes a table
• CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
• DROP INDEX - deletes an index
 The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:

• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

• UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
• PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely
identifies each row in a table
• FOREIGN KEY - Prevents actions that would destroy links between
tables
• CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific
condition
• DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
• CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database
very quickly
SQL SYNTAX
 • CREATE DATABASE databasename;
- The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a new SQL
database.
• DROP DATABASE databasename;
-The DROP DATABASE statement is used to drop an existing SQL
database.
• BACKUP DATABASE testDB
TO DISK = 'D:\backups\testDB.bak';
- The following SQL statement creates a full back up of the existing
database "testDB" to the D disk:
• CREATE TABLE Persons (
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
• -The PersonID column is of type int and will hold an integer. The
LastName, FirstName, Address, and City columns are of type
varchar and will hold characters, and the maximum length for these
fields is 255 characters.
 MySQL Data
Types (Version
8.0)
• An SQL developer must decide what type of data that will be
stored inside each column when creating a table. The data
type is a guideline for SQL to understand what type of data is
expected inside of each column, and it also identifies how SQL
will interact with the stored data.
STRING DATA
TYPES
Data type Description

CHAR(size) A FIXED length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters). The size parameter specifies the column length in characters
- can be from 0 to 255. Default is 1

VARCHAR(size) A VARIABLE length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters). The size parameter specifies the maximum string length
in characters - can be from 0 to 65535

BINARY(size) Equal to CHAR(), but stores binary byte strings. The size parameter specifies the column length in bytes. Default is 1

VARBINARY(size) Equal to VARCHAR(), but stores binary byte strings. The size parameter specifies the maximum column length in bytes.

TINYBLOB For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). Max length: 255 bytes

TINYTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters

TEXT(size) Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 bytes

BLOB(size) For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). Holds up to 65,535 bytes of data

MEDIUMTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215 characters

MEDIUMBLOB For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). Holds up to 16,777,215 bytes of data

LONGTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 characters

LONGBLOB For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). Holds up to 4,294,967,295 bytes of data

ENUM(val1, val2, val3, ...) A string object that can have only one value, chosen from a list of possible values. You can list up to 65535 values in an ENUM list. If a
value is inserted that is not in the list, a blank value will be inserted. The values are sorted in the order you enter them

SET(val1, val2, val3, ...) A string object that can have 0 or more values, chosen from a list of possible values. You can list up to 64 values in a SET list
NUMERICAL
DATA TYPES
Data type Description
BIT(size) A bit-value type. The number of bits per value is specified in size. The size parameter can hold a value from 1 to 64. The default value for size is 1.

TINYINT(size) A very small integer. Signed range is from -128 to 127. Unsigned range is from 0 to 255. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is
255)

BOOL Zero is considered as false, nonzero values are considered as true.

BOOLEAN Equal to BOOL

SMALLINT(size) A small integer. Signed range is from -32768 to 32767. Unsigned range is from 0 to 65535. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which
is 255)

MEDIUMINT(size) A medium integer. Signed range is from -8388608 to 8388607. Unsigned range is from 0 to 16777215. The size parameter specifies the maximum display
width (which is 255)

INT(size) A medium integer. Signed range is from -2147483648 to 2147483647. Unsigned range is from 0 to 4294967295. The size parameter specifies the
maximum display width (which is 255)

INTEGER(size) Equal to INT(size)

BIGINT(size) A large integer. Signed range is from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. Unsigned range is from 0 to 18446744073709551615.
The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255)

FLOAT(size, d) A floating point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in the d parameter. This
syntax is deprecated in MySQL 8.0.17, and it will be removed in future MySQL versions

FLOAT(p) A floating point number. MySQL uses the p value to determine whether to use FLOAT or DOUBLE for the resulting data type. If p is from 0 to 24, the data
type becomes FLOAT(). If p is from 25 to 53, the data type becomes DOUBLE()

DOUBLE(size, d) A normal-size floating point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in
the d parameter

DOUBLE PRECISION(size, d)

DECIMAL(size, d) An exact fixed-point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in the d parameter.
The maximum number for size is 65. The maximum number for d is 30. The default value for size is 10. The default value for d is 0.

DEC(size, d) Equal to DECIMAL(size,d)

Note: All the numeric data types may have an extra option:
UNSIGNED or ZEROFILL. If you add the UNSIGNED option, MySQL
disallows negative values for the column. If you add the ZEROFILL
option, MySQL automatically also adds the UNSIGNED attribute
to the column.
Date and Time
Data Types
Data type Description
DATE A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD. The supported range is from
'1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'

DATETIME(fsp) A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-DD

hh:mm:ss. The supported range is from '1000-01-01
00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. Adding DEFAULT and
ON UPDATE in the column definition to get automatic
initialization and updating to the current date and time

TIMESTAMP(fsp) A timestamp. TIMESTAMP values are stored as the number

of seconds since the Unix epoch ('1970-01-01 00:00:00'
UTC). Format: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss. The supported
range is from '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-09
03:14:07' UTC. Automatic initialization and updating to the
current date and time can be specified using DEFAULT
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and ON UPDATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP in the column definition

TIME(fsp) A time. Format: hh:mm:ss. The supported range is from '-

838:59:59' to '838:59:59'

YEAR A year in four-digit format. Values allowed in four-digit

format: 1901 to 2155, and 0000.
MySQL 8.0 does not support year in two-digit format.
SQL Server
Data Types
String Data Types
Data type Description Max size Storage
char(n) Fixed width character string 8,000 characters Defined width

varchar(n) Variable width character 8,000 characters 2 bytes + number of chars

string

varchar(max) Variable width character 1,073,741,824 characters 2 bytes + number of chars

string

text Variable width character 2GB of text data 4 bytes + number of chars
string

nchar Fixed width Unicode string 4,000 characters Defined width x 2

nvarchar Variable width Unicode 4,000 characters

string

nvarchar(max) Variable width Unicode 536,870,912 characters

string

ntext Variable width Unicode 2GB of text data

string

binary(n) Fixed width binary string 8,000 bytes

varbinary Variable width binary string 8,000 bytes

varbinary(max) Variable width binary string 2GB

image Variable width binary string 2GB

Numeric Data
Types
Data type Description Storage

bit Integer that can be 0, 1, or NULL

tinyint Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 1 byte
smallint Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 2 bytes

int Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 4 bytes

bigint Allows whole numbers between -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 8 bytes

decimal(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers.Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1. 5-17 bytes
The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits that can be stored (both to the left and to the right
of the decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18.
The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a
value from 0 to p. Default value is 0
numeric(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers.Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1. 5-17 bytes
The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits that can be stored (both to the left and to the right
of the decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18.
The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a
value from 0 to p. Default value is 0

smallmoney Monetary data from -214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647 4 bytes

money Monetary data from -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807 8 bytes

float(n) Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308.The n parameter indicates whether the field 4 or 8 bytes
should hold 4 or 8 bytes. float(24) holds a 4-byte field and float(53) holds an 8-byte field. Default value of n is 53.

real Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 to 3.40E + 38 4 bytes

Date and Time
Data Types
Data type Description Storage

datetime From January 1, 1753 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds 8 bytes

datetime2 From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds 6-8 bytes

smalldatetime From January 1, 1900 to June 6, 2079 with an accuracy of 1 minute 4 bytes

date Store a date only. From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 3 bytes

time Store a time only to an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds 3-5 bytes

datetimeoffset The same as datetime2 with the addition of a time zone offset 8-10 bytes

timestamp Stores a unique number that gets updated every time a row gets created or modified.
The timestamp value is based upon an internal clock and does not correspond to real
time. Each table may have only one timestamp variable
OTHER TYPES
Data type Description Storage

datetime From January 1, 1753 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds 8 bytes

datetime2 From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds 6-8 bytes

smalldatetime From January 1, 1900 to June 6, 2079 with an accuracy of 1 minute 4 bytes

date Store a date only. From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 3 bytes

time Store a time only to an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds 3-5 bytes

datetimeoffset The same as datetime2 with the addition of a time zone offset 8-10 bytes

timestamp Stores a unique number that gets updated every time a row gets created or modified.
The timestamp value is based upon an internal clock and does not correspond to real
time. Each table may have only one timestamp variable
MS Access Data
Types
Data type Description Storage

Text Use for text or combinations of text and numbers. 255 characters maximum

Memo Memo is used for larger amounts of text. Stores up to 65,536 characters. Note: You cannot sort a
memo field. However, they are searchable

Byte Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 1 byte

Integer Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 2 bytes

Long Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 4 bytes

Single Single precision floating-point. Will handle most decimals 4 bytes

Double Double precision floating-point. Will handle most decimals 8 bytes

Currency Use for currency. Holds up to 15 digits of whole dollars, plus 4 decimal places. Tip: You can choose 8 bytes
which country's currency to use

AutoNumber AutoNumber fields automatically give each record its own number, usually starting at 1 4 bytes

Date/Time Use for dates and times 8 bytes

Yes/No A logical field can be displayed as Yes/No, True/False, or On/Off. In code, use the constants True and 1 bit
False (equivalent to -1 and 0). Note: Null values are not allowed in Yes/No fields

Ole Object Can store pictures, audio, video, or other BLOBs (Binary Large Objects) up to 1GB

Hyperlink Contain links to other files, including web pages

Lookup Wizard Let you type a list of options, which can then be chosen from a drop-down list 4 bytes
SYNTAX FOR CREATING DATABASE
• KAPAG NAKACREATE KA NA NG DATABASE MAGAAPPEAR SYA SA
SIDE(YUNG NAKABOX NA BLUE).
HOW TO CREATE A TABLE USING
QUERY.
• NOTE: AFTER MAKAPAGCREATE NG QUERY. HUWAG NATIN
KAKALIMUTAN ICLICK ANG GO PARA MAGRUN ANG QUERY.
DATA TABLE CREATED
HOW TO INSERT DATA IN A TABLE
WHEN THE DATA INSERTED
• KAPAG MAGA-UPDATE KA NG DATA CLICK MO LANG YUNG GUSTO
MO IUPDATE. CLICK EDIT. KAPAG DELETE CLICK DELETE.
• CHOOSE THE DATA THAT YOU WANT TO UPDATE THEN CLICK GO.
DATA UPDATED
SQL KEYWORDS
FROM KEYWORD
• THE FROM KEYWORD WILL INDICATE WHAT TABLE SHOULD
WE USE IN GETTING THE DATA.

EX: SELECT ALL EMPLOYEES FROM THE TABLE TBLEMPLOYEES.

QUERY: SELECT *FROM TBLEMPLOYEES;

*(ASTERIS)- PERTAIN TO ALL.

WHERE KEYWORD
• USED TO SELECT MORE SPECIFIC DATA WHERE A CONDITIONS
MET.

EX: YOU WANT TO SELECT ALL EMPLOYEES WITH THE LASTNAME

“SANTOS”.

QUERY: SELECT * FROM TBLEMPLOYEES WHERE LASTNAME =

‘SANTOS’;
CONDITIONAL
OPERATORS
= EQUALS
<> NOT EQUALS
> GREATER THAN
> LESS THAN
>= GREATER THAN OR EQUALS
>= LESS THAN OR EQUALS
SELECT * FROM TBLEMPLOYEES WHERE
AGE>=30;
SELECT * FROM TBLEMPLOYEES WHERE
NOT LAST_NAME=‘SANTOS’;
SELECT * FROM `tblemployees` WHERE
LAST_NAME IN ('SANTOS', 'CRUZ');

IN KEYWORD
- USED AFTER THE WHERE KEYWORD TO SELECT MULTIPLE
VALUES IN A PARAMETER.
SELECT * FROM `tblemployees` WHERE
LAST_NAME='SANTOS' AND AGE>=18;

AND KEYWORD
- USED TO ADD CONDITIONS IN A WHERE STATEMENT WHERE IN BOTH CONDITIONS
MUST BE TRUE.
 SELECT * FROM `tblemployees` WHERE
LAST_NAME='SANTOS' OR AGE>=18;

OR KEYWORD
- IS USED TO ADD CONDITIONS IN A WHERE STATEMENT EITHER CONDITIONS MUST BE
TRUE.
SELECT
FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME FROM
`tblemployees`;

SELECTING TABLE PARAMETERS

- WHATEVER PARAMETERS YOU DECLARE IT WILL GIVE YOU THE OUTPUT OF
PARAMETER YOU NEED.
SELECT LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME FROM
`tblemployees` WHERE LAST_NAME='SANTOS';
SELECT DISTINCT ADDRESS FROM
`tblemployees`;

DISTINCT KEYWORD
- USED TO SELECT UNIQUE VALUES ONLY FROM THE PARAMETERS PROVIDED.
NOTE: DISTINCT ALSO REMOVE REPEATING DATA.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT LAST_NAME) FROM
`tblemployees`;

COUNT KEYWORD
-USED TO RETURN THE COUNT OF SELECTED DATA.
NOTE: IKACOUNT NITO ANG NASA LOOB NG PARAMETERS
 OTHER
EXAMPLE
QUERY
SELECT ALL THE DIFFERENCE VALUES FROM THE
COUNTRY COLUMN IN THE PACKAGE TABLE.
SELECT ALL RECORDS WHERE THE CITY
COLUMNS HAS THE VALUE OF “BERLIN”.
SELECT ALL RECORS WHERE THE ID
COLUMN HAS THE VALUE OF 3.
SELECT ALL RECORDS WHERE THE CITY COLUMN
HAS THE VALUE “BERLIN” AND POSTALCODE
COLUMN HAS THE VALUE OF “10115”.
SELECT ALL RECORDS WHERE THE CITY
COLUMNS HAS THE VALUE OF BERLIN” OR
“LONDON”.
SELECT MIN FUNCTION TO SELECT THE
RECORD WITH THE SMALLEST VALUE OF
THE PRICE COLUMN.

NOTE: MIN MEANS MINIMUM VALUE THE SMALLEST VALUE

USE AN SQL FUNCTION TO SELECT THE
RECORD WITH THE HIGHEST VALUE OF THE
PRICE COLUMN.

NOTE: MAX MEANS MAXIMUM THE HIGHEST VALUE.

USE THE CORRECT FUNCTION TO RETURN THE NUMBER
OF RECORDS THAT HAVE THE VALUE SET 20000.

NOTE: KAYA 1 ANG OUTPUT DAHIL 1 LANG ANG VALUE NA PRICE 20000.
USE AN SQL FUNCTION TO CALCULATE THE
AVERAGE PRICE OF ALL TOUR.
SQL FUNCTION TO CALCULATE THE SUM OF
ALL THE PRICE COLUMN VALUES IN THE
TOUR TABLE.
SELECT ALL RECORDS WHERE THE VALUE OF THE
CITY COLUMN STARTS WITH THE LETTER “L” .
SELECT ALL RECORDS WHERE THE VALUE OF THE
CITY COLUMN ENDS WITH THE LETTER “N”.
SELECT ALL RECORDS WHERE THE VALUE OF THE
CITY COLUMNS CONTAINS THE LETTER “O”.
SELECT ALL RECORDS WHERE THE VALUE OF THE
CITY COLUMNS STARTS WITH THE LETTER “V” AND
ENDS WITH THE LETTER “S”.
SELECT ALL THE RECORDS WHERE THE VALUE OF THE
CITY COLUMN DOES NOT START WITH THE LETTER “A”.
SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword
• The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table
(table1), and the matching records from the right table
(table2). The result is 0 records from the right side, if there is
no match.
SQL INNER JOIN
• The INNER JOIN keyword selects records that have matching
values in both tables.
SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword

• The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right
table (table2), and the matching records from the left table
(table1). The result is 0 records from the left side, if there is no
match.
THANK YOU