UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Winter 2023
INST560 Internet of
Things

Internet of Things
Hardware and Software
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
aliakbar.jalali@live.uona.edu
Lecture 9
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 Contents
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Introduction

• IoT Sensors
• What is sensor?

• Smart Sensor Network

• Sensor Market

• IoT Hardware
• IoT Actuator

• IoT Gateway

• Raspberry Pi and Arduino

• IoT Software

• Conclusion

• References
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 Introduction
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT Sensors, hardware and software are the

most important parts of IoT ecosystems.

• The most important hardware in IoT might

be its sensors, which are becoming widely
available.

• Sensors play an important role in creating

solutions using IoT and IIoT.

• Sensors are devices that detect external

information, replacing it with a signal that
humans and machines can distinguish.
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 Introduction: IoT sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• "IoT sensors" stands for "Internet of Things sensors".

• These are small devices or components that are used to collect data from the physical
world and communicate that data over the internet to other devices, systems or platforms.

• IoT sensors can collect a variety of data types such as temperature, humidity, pressure,
light, sound, motion, and many more. The collected data can be used for a wide range of
applications such as home automation, environmental monitoring, industrial automation,
healthcare, smart cities, and more.

• IoT sensors can be used in a variety of different contexts such as in consumer electronics,
industrial machinery, transportation systems, and more. They often have wireless
connectivity and can communicate with other devices or systems over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or
other wireless protocols. The data collected by IoT sensors can be processed and analyzed
in real-time or stored for later use.

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 Introduction
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT hardware involves the tangible components

and devices used to enable connectivity, such as
IoT sensors, computer chips, actuators, cables,
smart devices and devices for routing, bridges,
etc.

• These IoT devices manage key tasks and functions

such as system activation, security, action
specifications, communication, and detection of
support-specific goals and actions.

• IoT software addresses its key areas of networking

and action through platforms, embedded systems,
partner systems, and middleware.
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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

1 Sensors

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 What is sensor?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Sensors are devices, which help in interacting

with the physical environment.

• The data collected by the sensors must be

stored and processed intelligently in order to
derive useful inferences from it.

• Note that we broadly define the term sensor; a

cell phone or even a microwave oven can count
as a sensor if it provides inputs about its
current state (internal state + environment).

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 What is IoT Sensor?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Sensor Is an essential components of IoT smart objects.

• In general, a sensor is a device that measures physical input

from its environment and converts it into data that can be
interpreted by either a human or a machine.

• Sensors enable the Internet of Things (IoT) by collecting the data

for smarter decisions.

• Therefore, IoT sensor data is the data collected by devices found

on the Internet of Things (IoT).

• These devices can be anything are used to sense Light, Sound,

Heat , Pressure, Images etc.
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 Market Size of IoT Sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• People use IoT sensors to measure

temperature, Humidity, pressure, Motion
Detection, Accelerometer, Gyroscope
sensors, Distance Sensors, Light
Sensors. Optical Sensors and IR
Sensor/Infrared Sensor.

• The IoT Market size was valued at USD

300.3 billion in 2021 and is projected to
grow USD 650.5 billion by 2026, at a
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of
16.7% from 2021 to 2026.
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 Position of Sensors in IoT System
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Protocol Communications

Sensors

Position of Sensors in IoT Systems

Sensors, Gateway, Communication and Networks
Protocols
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 Understanding IoT Sensors: the
Basics
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Sensors convert various

forms of physical energy into
electrical energy, allowing
microcontrollers, Raspberry
Measure soil Moisture
Pi and Arduino to read with Arduino –
Gardening
changes in the physical
world.
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 Understanding IoT Sensors: the
Basics
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The simplest sensors read changes in

mechanical energy, usually by moving
electrical contacts.

• For example, the pushbutton or switch

converts mechanical energy (e.g., your
finger’s press) into electrical energy by
closing a connection between two metal
contacts.
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 Understanding IoT Sensors: the
Basics
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The potentiometer is another

sensor that reads mechanical
energy changes: a metal contact
called a wiper slides along a
resistor, effectively short circuiting
the resistor into two halves and
creating a voltage divider circuit.

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 Understanding IoT Sensors: the Basics
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Analog and Digital Sensors:

• Analog sensors are much different than digital sensors and

typically have less features.

• Analog sensors create analog signals from the quantity that is

sensed. In comparison, digital sensors produce digital signals
when performing a measurement.

• The most common types of analog sensors include sound

sensors, light sensors, temperature sensors, and pressure
sensors.

• Typical example of a digital sensor can be a door sensor, which

gives the output in two states either normally closed (NC) when
the door is open or normally open (NO) when the door is closed.

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 Understanding IoT Sensors: the
Basics
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Before using sensors:

• First you should know the

range of the sensor which Light Dependent Resistors, LDR

can read and deliver.

• Second you should know the

range of possible values
your application requires. Moisture Sensor

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 Resistive Sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Many sensors work by

converting the energy they read Force sensors

into a changing electrical

resistance by using a variably
resistive material at their heart.

• For example, force sensors and

stretch sensors are made of a
partially conductive rubber.
Stretch sensors

https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102042976
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 Optical Sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Light is used in many sensors in a

variety of ways.

• Light-emitting diodes, light-dependent

resistors, and phototransistors can be
combined to sense dust, measure
distance, or determine reflected color.

• Light is also used in some ranging

sensors to determine distance from a
sensor to a target.

https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102042976#t=3m41s
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 Ranging Sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Many sensors measure

movement or distance
indirectly, by sending out a
pulse of light or sound and
reading the reflected signal
when it bounces off a target.

• These are called ranging

sensors because they read a
range of distance.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102044250
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 Data Sheets
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• When you shop for

sensors, you need
to look at the data
sheet to learn how
they operate. Click
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102558686
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 Data Sheets
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The data sheet will usually include the following essential

facts:
• a text description of the sensor and its operation;

• a pin diagram to tell you what pins perform what functions;

• a table of electrical characteristics that tells you what the supply

voltage is, what the operating current is, and what the output is,
along with other electrical and physical properties;
• a graph or conversion formula that relates the input energy to the
output energy;
• a mechanical description of the sensor itself.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102558686
20 /59
 Using a Sensor With a Microcontroller
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Once you understand how

a sensor works and what
its output will be, you
should connect it to your
microcontroller and write
a simple program to read
the output.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102559255 21 /59
 Using a Sensor With a Microcontroller
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Don’t jump right into

writing a complex
program.

• Write the smallest

program necessary to
read the sensor’s
changing values and
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102559255 22 /59
 Desirable functions for sensor nodes
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

1. ease of installation

2. self-identification

3. self-diagnosis

4. reliability

5. time awareness for coordination with other nodes

6. some software functions and DSP (digital signal

processing)

7. standard control protocols and network interfaces

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 Smart Sensor Network
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Smart sensor network, is a network consist of several

smart equipment called “Node” which distribute in
different places to do a special task with an especial
goal.

Wired sensor network

Gateway Gateway

Sensor Node Sensor Node

Wireless sensor network

Router

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 Objectives for smart sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

1. Moving the intelligence closer to the

point of measurement

2. Making it cost effective to integrate and

maintain distributed sensor systems

3. Creating a confluence of transducers,

control, computation, and
communications towards a common goal

4. Seamlessly interfacing numerous

sensors of different types

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 An architecture of a smart sensor
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

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 Sensors in Mobile Devices Market
Demand 2024 with Fastest-Growing
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Sector in 2032

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sensors-mobile-devices-market-demand-2024-fastest-growing-rfjhf/
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 How Mobile Apps are Leveraging the Internet of
Things (IoT)
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

https://www.businessofapps.com/news/how-mobile-apps-are-leveraging-the-internet-of-things-iot/
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 Sensor networks
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Sensor networks are the key to

gathering the information
needed by smart
environments, whether in
buildings, utilities,

industrial, home,
shipboard, transportation
systems automation, or
elsewhere.
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 Wireless sensor networks
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Wireless Networks connect any devices or computer

using radio waves, infrared, or any other wireless
media.

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 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

 The networks typically run Low Power Devices

 Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators)
Dr Payam Barnaghi, Dr Chuan H Foh Centre for Communication Systems Research lectronic Engineering Department University of Surrey 31 /59
 complexity of wireless sensor
networks
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Data Acquisition

Data Distribution

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 Wireless Sensor Networks
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Sensors should be many, small and cheap

• Limited resources – memory, CPU and

energy

• Should be able to operate unattended, for

many years

• Recharging the battery is too difficult or

too costly

• Most of the energy is consumed by the

communication

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 IoT and Wireless Sensor Networks
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Integrate cars into the IoT, let them

communicate!

• Special case of vehicular networks

• Cars are more and more intelligent devices

• Tons of sensors: engine temperature, brake

temperature, tire pressure, parking radars,
wheel speed, rain, detection, fuel
consumption, seat occupancy, etc...

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 Note
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Security of the sensors

leads to the security of
the Internet network.

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 Top 10 Arduino-Sensors with Projects for Beginners
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Click

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 IoT Definition with focus on sensing
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Internet of Things
devices is the
aggregation of all the
sensing modules that
are linked to the Cloud
– either directly or
through a gateway. 37 /59
 Sensing technology
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Micro Electromechanical
Systems (MEMS)

• Nanotechnology
• MEMS devices smaller
than 1 mm
• Accelerometers,
gyroscopes, microphones
integrated into
smartphones, digital
cameras, cars, etc.

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
Example: Sensing technology

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 Example: wide range of Cell Phone sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

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 Example: Light Dependent Resistance (LDR)
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• LDR is a special type of resistance whose value

depends on the brightness of the light falling on
it.

• It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in

total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k
ohms when brightness illuminated.

• It responds to a large part of light spectrum.

• LDR is placed as potential divider circuit so that

output voltage will vary according to its
resistance or light falling on it.

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 Example: Thermistor
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors.

• Two types available NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) and

PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient).

• PTC is used in all kit which uses CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) e.g., T.V.,
monitor in series with Degassing coil.

• All conductor and semi-conductor resistance is affected by heat.

• You can use any semiconductor device such as transistor, diode etc.
as NTC type thermistor.

• For PTC type thermistor you can use thin wire of many turn for e.g.
you can also use small step-down transformers primary connection.

• Thermistor are inexpensive device.

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 DHT11 Temperature/Humidity Sensor
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Specification

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 Sensors and IoT Market
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The high demand and

the production of
sensor hardware on
the IoT makes objects
economical in
entering sensor sets.

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 Sensor Market
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The major factors driving the growth of the

IoT sensors market include development of

cheaper, smarter, and

smaller sensors.
• The cost of internet-connected sensors is
coming down

• A lot more money is being poured into the IoT

• Expanded internet connectivity

• High adoption of "remotes," especially

smartphones

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 Sensors and IoT Market
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Sensors as the infrastructure, are leading and shaping the IoT market.

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 Wearable Electronic Market in 5
categories
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Wearable 1 2 3 4 5
electronics is a
new big
opportunity
for sensors

http://www.yole.fr/iso_upload/Samples/Yole_IoT_June_2014_Sample.pdf 47 /59
 Transducer, Sensor and Actuator
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Transducer
• a device that converts a primary form of energy into a corresponding
signal with a different energy form
• Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, optical,
chemical, etc.

• take form of a sensor or an actuator

• Sensor (e.g., thermometer)

• a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus
sensor intelligent
• acquires information from the “real world”
real
feedback
world
actuator system
• Actuator (e.g., heater)
• a device that generates a signal or stimulus
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 Sensor Systems
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Typically interested in electronic sensor

• convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal

• General Electronic Sensor

• primary transducer: changes “real world” parameter into electrical
signal
• secondary transducer: converts electrical signal into analog or digital
values usable
real primary analog secondary
world transducer signal transducer
values
sensor

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 Sensor Systems
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Typical Electronic Sensor System

Input signal sensor data Network

microcontroller
Sensor analog/digital
signal processing
(measured) communication display

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 Sensor and smart Sensor
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Sensor collect and

process data to
detect the changes
in physical status
of things.

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 Smart Sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• A smart sensor is a
sensor that provides
extra functions beyond
those necessary for
generating a correct
representation of the
sensed quantity.
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 Smart Sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The smart environment needs

information about its surroundings as
well as about its internal workings.

• To collect and process data to detect

the changes in physical status of
things.

• Sensory data comes from multiple

sensors of different modalities in
distributed locations.

53 /59
 IoT Sensing
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The IoT sensing means gathering data from

related objects within the network and
sending it back to a data warehouse,
database, or cloud.

• The collected data is analyzed to take

specific actions based on required services.

• The IoT sensors can be smart sensors,

actuators or wearable sensing devices.

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 How Sensor work
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

https://giphy.com/search/temprature-sensor
55 /59
 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
How Sensor work

r
O
S
N
e
S

56 /59
 Example: WATER SENSOR ALARM USING
LM380
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• This is a Water Sensor Alarm

Circuit for warn the water
level, by when sensor point
touch the water or the rain.

• The circuit have a voice loud

warn here immediately.

By this circuit uses the integrated circuit LM380 , usual use be power amplifier IC the small-sized , seek buy easy , be
usable not difficult. For friend's loudspeaker choose use 8 ohm small-sized all right. For power supply source 9V sizes
arrive at 12V all right. The detail is other , see in the circuit better yes.

57 /59
 IoT Sensors types
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• There are many types of sensors depending upon the type of

sensing required

• Noise levels;
• The presence or absence of
certain kinds of objects;
• Mechanical stress levels on
attached objects;
• The current characteristics
such as speed, direction, and
size of an object.
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 Different types of sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Radar Sick Laser Ground Radar Sonar

Electrostatic Scanning Laser Polaroid

Ultrasonic Detector Sonar Lidar

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
Different types of sensors

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 MultiSensor 6
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Vibration sensor Humidity sensor Light sensor

Motion sensor
UV sensor Temperature sensor

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 Example: Motion sensor
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Motion sensor is perfect for more than

just an intelligent security system.

• With a 5-meter range and a 120° field

of view, MultiSensor 6 captures motion
data that can be used for everything
from security to heating management
to energy saving.
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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

home
Sensors
in smart

63 /59
 Sensors in smart home
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• A smart home refers to a

residence augmented with
sensors to observe the
environment and
devices/actuators to provide
proactive services with the
goal to improve the
occupant’s experience.
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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
Sensors in smart home

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 IoT Wearable Sensors
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Physiological sensors on IoT

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 Wearable Sensors: Medical services example
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Information

interventions
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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

2
IoT
Hardware

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 What is IoT Hardware?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Hardware plays an essential role in

successfully rolling out an IoT solution.

• IoT hardware involves the tangible

components and devices used to enable
connectivity, such as IoT sensors, computer
chips, gateways, actuators, cables, edge
devices and smart devices (such as cellphone
and tablet).

• IoT devices help to facilitate the flow of data

through a manufacturer's technology stack,
enabling organizations to use machine data at
every level and department of the
organization.
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 IoT Hardware: Actuator, Gateway, …
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Input Actuator
Smart Device

Smart Phone
2 Ds
D ireles atio
n

D2D D2D W
Co mmu
nic

OR Wireless
Communication
Wireless
Communication

Web

Gateway End user

Sensor Cloud

70 /59
 Example of IoT Hardware: Actuator
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• An actuator is a device that is used to effect a change

in the environment such as the temperature controller
of an air conditioner.

• The three main types of actuators are pneumatic (air

pressure), hydraulic (fluid pressure) and electric.

• The most common kind of actuator is an electrical

one which can take electrical energy from DC or AC and
turn it into mechanical energy.

• Because this is a clean and easily available technology,

electrical actuators are popular for many types of Electrical Actuator
industry and things like multi-turn valves.
71 /59
 Example of IoT Hardware: Gateway
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• An Internet of Things (IoT) gateway is a

physical device or software program that serves as
the connection point between
the cloud and controllers, sensors and intelligent
devices.

• IoT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic

between different networks and protocols.

• Another function of gateway is to translate

different network protocols and make sure
interoperability of the connected devices and
sensors.
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/ 72 /59
 What is an IoT Gateway Device?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• An IoT gateway device bridges the

communication gap between IoT devices,
sensors, equipment, systems and the cloud.

• By systematically connecting the field and the

cloud, IoT gateway devices offer local processing
and storage solutions, as well as the ability to
autonomously control field devices based on
data input by sensors.
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 IoT Gateway
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Gateways can be configured to perform pre-processing of

the collected data from thousands of sensors locally
before transmitting it to the next stage.

• In some scenarios, it would be necessary due to

compatibility of TCP/IP protocol.

• IoT gateway offers certain level of security for the

network and transmitted data with higher order
encryption techniques.

• It acts as a middle layer between devices and cloud to

protect the system from malicious attacks and
unauthorized access.
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/ 74 /59
 IoT Gateway
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT gateways perform several

critical functions such as
• device connectivity,
• protocol translation,
• data filtering and processing,
security,
• updating,
• management and more.

75 /59
 What to Look Out for in IoT Gateway
Manufacturers
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• There are a few things you need to consider

about your IoT gateway device before
purchasing one.
• Network Security
• Downtime
• Connectivity Issues
• Remote Updates
• Power 76 /59
 How to Secure an IoT Gateway
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• There are three key core principles

of security - confidentiality,
integrity and authentication.

• You will need to ensure that all

communications between the
gateway and devices are meeting
each of the three principles while
communication is happening in the
internal and external networks.

77 /59
 How to Secure an IoT Gateway
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

It is also worth noting that the gateway is often the first to be

attacked because of two reasons:

1. It has a higher processing power, which it can use to run

more intensive applications. More power means better
software, but better software means more vulnerabilities
for a hacker to exploit.

2. Because of its location as an Edge device between the

internet and the intranet, the gateway is the point of entry
for any threat vector (as well as a system’s first line of
defense).
78 /59
 Example of IoT Hardware: Raspberry Pi
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• What is Raspberry Pi

• The Raspberry Pi is a series of

small single-board
computers developed in the United
Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi
Foundation to promote the teaching
of basic computer science in schools
and in developing countries.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi
79 /59
 Example of IoT Hardware: Raspberry Pi 400
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Raspberry Pi 400 is your complete

personal computer, built into a compact
keyboard.

• Featuring a quad-core 64-bit processor,

4GB of RAM, wireless networking, dual-
display output, and 4K video playback,
as well as a 40-pin GPIO header, it's the
most powerful and easy-to-use
Raspberry Pi computer built into a neat
and portable keyboard.
80 /59
 Raspberry Pi 400 is powerful
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• For teachers. For learners.

• Raspberry Pi 400 is the perfect
educational tool for students of all ages.

• Low-cost and portable, it is ideal for

home study, and for teaching computing
concepts like programming, physical
computing, and networking.

81 /59
 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
Example: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B?

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
Different tapes of Raspberry Pi

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT

Issues
Arduino and
Hardware

84 /59
 Example of IoT Hardware: Arduino
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• WHAT IS ARDUINO?

• Arduino is an open-source electronics platform

based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

• It's intended for anyone making interactive

projects. Arduino UNO REV3
[A000066]

• Arduino is an open-source electronics platform

based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards can read inputs - light on a sensor,
a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and
turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning
on an LED, publishing something online.
85 /59
 A project: using Arduino
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

WATERING
SYSTEM -
INTRODUC
TION Good
example
Step by
Step

http://www.instructables.com/id/WATERING-SYSTEM-INTRODUCTION/
86 /59
 A project: using Arduino
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES of WATERING

SYSTEM
It is a simple system, using Arduino to
automate the irrigation and watering of small
potted plants or crops.
This system does the control of soil moisture,
doing indications via LEDs and in case of dry
soil emitting an alarm beep.

• In case of dry soil, it will activate the irrigation

system pumping water for watering plants.
The system uses an LCD display to notify all
Good example: Step by Step
actions that are taking place and a real time
clock.
http://www.instructables.com/id/WATERING-SYSTEM-INTRODUCTION/
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 A project: using Arduino
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Automatic Watering System for

Plants

• https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=nUHizmtyt74

• https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=Z2xLD0P83rw\

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

3
IoT
Software

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

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 IoT Software
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT software is the enabling technology that controls data

collection and communication on a connected device so it can
provide real-time data that computers and applications can
transform and present as information.

• It's now more important than ever to understand how

hardware components interact with the internet to collect and
analyze user data.

• The Internet of Things (IoT), combined with the popular open-

source language Python, can be used to build powerful and
intelligent IoT systems with intuitive interfaces.
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 IoT Software
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The idea of smart appliances in a networked home is older than the

smartphone.

• However, smart home automation got off to a slow start because of

several problems, such as the lack of common technical standards
and device interoperability among manufacturers.

• As the technologies associated with device-to-device and device-to-

network connectivity improved—such as wired and wireless
communication technologies and intelligence in software that are
accessible from smartphones—the internet of things (IoT) has once
more gained traction with a wider set of consumer and industrial
applications.
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 What is IoT software?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT terminology is still evolving, but IoT is generally accepted as the network of smart
devices that are able to exchange data autonomously without human interference.

• For an IoT-connected device to function properly, it needs several components: sensors to

collect data, radio or other digital communication technology to send the data, and
software to control or automate the process.

• IoT software is the enabling technology that controls data collection and
communication on a connected device so it can provide real-time data that computers and
applications can transform and present as information.

• Some of the real-world applications of IoT devices are in home automation where lighting,
heating, air conditioning, entertainment, or security systems can detect environmental
input and automatically activate or deactivate.

• Another application is in healthcare where smart medical devices can actively monitor
patients and automatically alert healthcare providers. Other applications are in personal
wearables, transportation systems, manufacturing, and agriculture.
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 What are the Benefits of IoT Software?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Connected devices are able to function smartly due to the intelligence that an
IoT platform provides. Smart devices only have limited computing ability and
have another primary functions.

• The intelligence usually comes from a system in the cloud where the IoT
software resides but can transfer the needed information so the device can
perform an action or function wherever it is located. Benefits of IoT software
include:
• Providing the interface to automate and control smart devices

• Enabling the access of data from connected devices in real time to provide just-in-time
information

• Adding value through intelligence by improving sensor data collection

• Facilitating device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication

• Helping in the collection and consumption of big data

• Providing new business opportunities as well as support better quality of life.

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 Best IoT Platforms 2020
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• An IoT platform has two core features. It has

connectivity using wired or wireless communication
technology such as ethernet, power-line communication,
Bluetooth, radio frequency identification (RFID), ZigBee,
5G, or satellite communications.

• Another important feature is automation or the direct

communication between devices, hardware, or
machinery without human intervention to start a
process or perform an action.
https://project-management.com/iot-software/#:~:text=IoT%20software%20is%20the%20enabling,transform%20and%20present%20as%20information.
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 Best IoT Platforms 2020
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• The best IoT platform builds upon these two features to perform automatic
data transfer, data analysis, and autonomous response. Here is a list of the
top IoT tools in no particular order.

• SAP Internet of Things is part of its intelligent technology's platform.

• New Relic One is an observability platform that can collect, store, and monitor
all types of operational data, including those coming from IoT devices.

• Oracle IoT Intelligent Applications Cloud leverages real-time sensory data

from connected devices to deliver analytical insights.

• Cisco IoT Control Center is a connectivity management solution for connected

cellular devices.

• Google Cloud offers fully managed and integrated IoT services that are
scalable.
https://project-management.com/iot-software/#:~:text=IoT%20software%20is%20the%20enabling,transform%20and%20present%20as%20information.
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 Best IoT Software
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Java, Python and JavaScript are the most popular IoT programming
language.

• Python with the following features and advantages is a popular software

for IoT systems.
• Easy to Code. Python is a very high-level programming language, yet it is effortless to
learn. ...
• Easy to Read. Python code looks like simple English words. ...

• Free and Open-Source. ...

• Robust Standard Library. ...

• Interpreted. ...

• Portable. ...

• Object-Oriented and Procedure-Oriented. ...

• Extensible.
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 Why use Python in IoT
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• For many developers, Python is the language of choice in the market.

• It’s easy to learn, has clean syntax, and it is supported by a large

community online.

• In IoT, Python is a great choice for the backend side of development as

well as the software development of devices.

• In addition, Python is available to run on Linux devices and you can use
Micro-Python for microcontrollers.

• Some of the many advantages of working with Python for IoT devices are
the speed at which you can develop code and many libraries for all kinds
of platforms.

• Python is a great ally to develop device prototypes.

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 Internet of Things with Python
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Oftentimes, prototypes or real-life Internet of Things

(IoT) systems need to be developed quickly and
efficiently.

• When this happens, two tasks immediately come to life:

programming the IoT devices and organizing a backend
that interacts with these devices.

• In both tasks, you can use Python as the development

language.

• Or you can use a completely functional and practical

version of Micro Python to work on devices with little
computing resources, and accordingly, at a very low cost.
https://svitla.com/blog/internet-of-things-with-python
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 Top IoT Devices 2024
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

https://gadgetmates.com/top-iot-devices-2024 100 /59

 Prepare for AI Hackers
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2023/02/right-now-ai-hacking 101 /59

 Conclusion
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT Sensors, hardware and software are the most important parts of IoT ecosystems.

• IoT Hardware includes a wide range of devices such as devices for routing, bridges, sensors etc.

• These IoT devices manage key tasks and functions such as system activation, security, action
specifications, communication, and detection of support-specific goals and actions.

• Sensors and actuators are devices, which help in interacting with the physical environment.

• The data collected by the sensors must be stored and processed intelligently in order to derive
useful inferences from it.

• The set of programs that help you get the activities done like the data collection, processing,
storage, and evaluating instructions based on the processed data from the IoT Software.

• These IoT sensors and hardware manage key tasks and functions such as system activation,
security, action specifications, communication, and detection of support-specific goals and
actions.

• In IoT, Python is a great choice for the backend side of development as well as the software
development of devices.
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 References and Practical Examples
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Video (2.5 Minute), Raspberry pi simple overview!!

• https://www.raspberrypi.org/help/quick-start-guide/2/
• Video (2 Minute), Learn how to get started with your Raspberry
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLAblELXygA
• Raspberry pi projects book!
• https://www.raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/Projects_Book_v1.pd
f
• Practical Examples:
• Humidity and temperature display using Raspberry Pi
• Video Link:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPvxsHoD7kc
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 References and Practical Examples
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Arduino Temperature Controlled Fan Speed

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAn4Ugu
yzfE
• 555 PWM. Simple Circuits.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byYNei7F
GmE
• Automatic fan controller – simple
• http://colourtvservicebbsr.blogspot.com/2014
/10/automatic-fan-controller.html
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