CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT
ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

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 CONTENTS

 What is Programming?  Abstraction

 What is Programming  Polymorphism
Paradigm?  Encapsulation
 Class  Phases of java Programs
 Objects
 Class Members
 Inheritance

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WHAT IS PROGRAMMING?

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 PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS

• It is a fundamental style or approaches of programming

languages.

• The paradigm of the programming language determines how

you will solve a problem.

• A classification of programming languages based on their features (but

most popular languages support multiple paradigms)

• Generally, there are two types of programming paradigms:

 Structured(Process-Oriented) Programming Paradigms

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 Object Oriented Programming Paradigms (OOP)
STRUCTURED(PROCESS- ORIENTED) PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS

• In this approach, the problem is viewed as the sequence of things to be

done such as reading, calculating and printing.

• Languages such as Cobol, Fortran, C, and C++ are examples of structured

programming language.

• The primary focus of this paradigm is on functions.

• In structured programming paradigm, programs are written around code "what

is happening?“

• The program is organized-code acting on data and it is suitable only for

small programs or problems.

• The technique of hierarchical decomposition has been used to specify the

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tasks to be completed for solving a problem.
 Fig 1:1 : A typical structure for procedural programming
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 CONT.…

• Procedure/Function oriented programming basically consists of writing

a list of instructions for the computer to follow, and organizing these
instructions into groups known as functions.

• We normally use flowcharts to organize these actions and represent the flow of
control from one action to another.

• In a multi-function program, many important data items are placed as

global so that they may be accessed by all functions. Each function may
have its own local data.

• Global data are more vulnerable to accidental change by a function.

• In a large program it is very difficult to identify what data is used by

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which function.
 C O N T.

• This provides an opportunity for bugs to creep in.

• Another serious drawback with the procedural approach is that it
does not model real world problems very well.
• This is because functions are action-oriented and do not really
corresponding to the element of the problem.

• Some characteristics exhibited by procedure-oriented programming

are:
• Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms)
• Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as
functions
• Most of the functions share global data.
• Data move openly around the system from function to function. 8
 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS

• Problems with structured programming approach appear as programs grow

larger and more complex.

• To manage increasing complexity, the second approach, called object-oriented

programming, was conceived.

• OOP organizes a program around its data (that is, objects) and a set of well-
defined interfaces to that data.

• OOP allows us to decompose a problem into a number of entities called

objects and then build data and methods (functions) around these entities.

• Structured programming is a subset of object-oriented programming.

• Therefore, OOP can help in developing much larger and complex programs
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than structured programming.
Fig: Shows the organization of data and function in object-oriented programs.
 The data of an object can be accessed only by the function (methods) associated with
that object.
 However, function (method) of one object can access the function (method) of other
objects 10
 S O M E O F T H E F E AT U R E S O F O B J E C T O R I E N T E D P R O G RA M M I N G A R E :

• Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.

• Programs are divided into what are known as objects.

• Functions (methods) that operate on the data of an object are

tied together in the data structure.

• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed directly by external

function.

• Objects may communicate with each other through function.

• New data and functions can be easily added whenever

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necessary.
S T R U C T U R ED P R O G RA M M I NG V ER S U S O BJ ECT O R I ENT ED P R O G RAM M I NG

Structured Programming Object Oriented Programming

 Both functions and data is considered  Data and methods are tied together since
separate because data structures are variables and methods are well organized
not well organized within the under classes
program
 Programs are divided into small self  Programs are divided into small entities
contained functions called objects
 Functions or procedures are the basic  Objects are the basic units of
units of manipulation in structured manipulation in object oriented
programming programming

 Structured Programming follows top-  Object Oriented Programming follows

down approaches bottom-up approaches
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S T R U C T U R ED P R O G RA M M I NG V ER S U S O BJ ECT O R I ENT ED P R O G RAM M I NG

 A program is focused on  A program is focused on the

manipulation of data. manipulation of both data (classes
and states of objects) and on
methods.

 Structured programming is  Data is hidden within the objects and

less secure as there is no way its manipulation can be strictly
of data hiding controlled in OOP
 Structured Programming  OOP supports reuses of classes and
misses reuses of classes, their parts of the code and supports
codes and inheritance the inheritance of state and behavior

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 CLASS AND OBJECT
 A class can be defined as a template/ blue print that describes the
behaviors/states and attributes that objects of that class will have.
 A class encapsulates data (attributes or fields) and methods (functions)
that operate on that data.
 It acts as a template from which individual objects can be created. In other
words, a class defines what an object will be and how it will behave.
 A group of objects that share common properties for data part and some
program part are collectively called as class.
 For example, a class that represents a bank
account might contain one method to deposit
money to an account, another to withdraw money
from an account and a third to inquire what the
account’s current balance is.

 A class that represent a House might contain

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one method to open door ,another to close
 OBJECT

 Objects are instances of classes in object-oriented programming.

 They represent real-world entities and encapsulate both data (states) and
the methods (behaviours) that operate on the data.

 States: Objects
 States represent the characteristics or attributes of an object.
Behavi
State
 example, a dog object might have states such as colour and name.
or
 Behaviours:

 Behaviours represent the actions or operations that an object can perform.

 example, a dog object might have behaviours such as wagging, barking, and
eating. 15
 Classes and Objects

 In this example, , we can see that a class Person has been defined with the data members
‘unique_id’, ‘name’, ‘age’, ‘city’ and ‘gender’ and methods ‘eat()’, ‘study()’, ‘sleep()’ and
‘play()’.
 Two objects of this class have been defined.
 The first object has ‘name’ as ‘Parsoon’, ‘age’ as ‘25’, ‘city’ as ‘Delhi’ and ‘gender’ as 16

‘male’.
 VARIABLES

 A class can contain any of the following variable types

Local Variables :- Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks

are called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within
the method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has
completed.

Instance variables:- Instance variables are variables that are declared

within a class but outside any method. These variables are instantiated when
the class is loaded. Instance variables can be accessed from inside any
method, constructor or blocks of that particular class.

Class variables :- Class variables are variables declared with in a class,

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outside any method, with the static keyword.
 METHODS AND CONSTRUCTORS

 Methods
 A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many
methods. It is in methods where the logics are written,
data is manipulated and all the actions are executed.
 Constructors
 Every class has a constructor. If we do not explicitly write a
constructor for a class the Java compiler builds a default
constructor for that class.
 Each time a new object is created, at least one constructor
will be invoked. The main rule of constructors is that they
should have the same name as the class.
 A class can have more than one constructor. 18
 PILLARS OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
 There are four major pillars of Object Oriented
Programming .
These are:-
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Abstraction
Polymorphism
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 ENCAPSULATION

 Encapsulation is the technique of making the fields in a class

private and providing access to the fields via public methods.

 If a field is declared private, it cannot be accessed by anyone

outside the class, thereby hiding the fields within the class.

 For this reason, encapsulation is also referred to as data hiding.

 Encapsulation can be described as a protective barrier that

prevents the code and data from being randomly accessed
by other code defined outside the class.

 Access to the data and code is tightly controlled by an interface. 20

 INHERITANCE

 It can be defined as the process where one class acquires the

properties (methods and fields) of another.

 With the use of inheritance, the information is made manageable

in a hierarchical order.
 The class which inherits the properties of other is known as
subclass (derived class, child class)
 The class whose properties are inherited is known as superclass
(base class, parent class).
 extends is the keyword used to inherit the properties of a class. 21
 ABSTRACTION

 As per dictionary, abstraction is the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events .

 In object-oriented programming, abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation

details from the user, and only the functionality will be provided to the user.

 In other words, the user will have the information on what the object does instead of
how it does it.

 Showing only the essential parts and hiding the implementation details.

 Use the abstract keyword to declare a class as abstract.

 The keyword appears in the class declaration somewhere before the class keyword.

 These classes cannot be used to instantiate objects, because, as we’ll soon see, abstract
classes are incomplete.
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 POLYMORPHISM

 Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.

 Polymorphism means "many forms", and it occurs when we have

many classes that are related to each other by inheritance.

 The most common use of polymorphism in OOP occurs when a

parent class reference is used to refer to a child class object.

 Inheritance lets us inherit attributes and methods from another

class. Polymorphism uses those methods to perform different
tasks. This allows us to perform a single action in different
ways.
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 POLYMORPHISM example

 Think of a superclass called Animal that has a method called

animalSound().

 Subclasses of Animals could be Pigs, Cats, Dogs, Birds

 And they also have their own implementation of an animal

sound (the pig oinks, and the cat meows, etc.):

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 HISTORY OF JAVA

• Developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995.

• Initiated by James Gosling and his team in 1991 as a project called "Oak". It was later
renamed to "Java" in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform (Java
1.0 [J2SE]).

• Multiple configurations were built to suit various types of platforms. For example, J2EE was
built for Enterprise Applications, and J2ME was built for Mobile Applications.

• Sun Microsystems has renamed the new J2 versions as Java SE (Standard Edition), Java EE
(Enterprise Edition), and Java ME (Micro Edition) respectively.

• Java is guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA). This means that code written
on one platform can be run on any platform without modification, as long as the
platform has a compatible Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.

• On 13 November 2006, Sun Microsystems released much of Java as free and open
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source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
 FEATURES OF JAVA

 Object Oriented programming language : Which means that

everything in Java is an object. This makes it easier to model
complex systems and reuse code, as objects can be created,
manipulated, and reused across different parts of a program.

 Platform independent: When Java code is compiled, it is not

compiled into platform-specific machine code. Instead, it is
compiled into platform-independent bytecode, which can be executed on
any platform. This makes Java highly portable, as a single Java
program can be written and run on multiple platforms, such as Windows,
Mac, or Linux, without any changes to the code.
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 FEATURES OF JAVA

 Robust: Java is designed to be a robust language that eliminates many

common programming errors by emphasizing compile-time error
checking and runtime checking. This makes it less likely for programs
to crash or encounter runtime errors. Additionally, Java has built-in
garbage collection, which automatically frees up memory that is
no longer being used by a program. This helps prevent memory leaks
and other types of memory-related errors.

 Multithreaded: Java's multithreading feature allows developers to

write programs that can perform multiple tasks simultaneously.
This can help improve performance and responsiveness in certain
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types of applications, such as web servers or video games.

 JAVA FACTS

• Java is a popular programming language used for developing a wide

range of applications, from enterprise systems to consumer devices.

• Sun Microsystems, the original developer of Java, was acquired by

Oracle in 2009.

• In 2010, Oracle announced that Java was running on 97% of enterprise

desktops, three billion handsets, and 80 million television devices.

• As of 2021, there are over 9 million Java developers worldwide.

• While the popularity of programming languages may vary, Java

remains a widely used language in the software development industry.
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 DEFINITIONS OF JAVA APPLICATIONS, JAVA APPLET
 Java Applications
 A Java application is a standalone software program that
is written in the Java programming language and designed
to be executed on a Java Virtual Machine.
 Java applications are typically used for a wide range of
purposes, including desktop applications, mobile
applications, web applications, and enterprise-level
applications.
Java Applet (programming language for the web)
 A Java applet is a small application written in the Java
programming language that is designed to be embedded
and executed within a web page.
 Unlike standalone Java applications, Java applets run 29

within the context of a web browser using a Java plugin.

 PHASES OF CREATING AND EXECUTING A JAVA APPLICATION

Java programs normally go through five phases—edit, compile, load, verify

and execute. We discuss these phases in the context of the Java SE
Development Kit (JDK).

Edit Compile Load Verify Execute

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PHASE 1 EDIT(WRITING THE CODE)
 In this phase, developers use a text editor or an Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) to write the Java source code.
 The source code is typically saved in a file with a .java extension. This file
contains the human-readable Java code that defines the program's logic and
behaviour.

// Filename: HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[]
args) {
System.out.println("Hello,
World!");
}
}

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PHASE 2: COMPILE

• After writing the Java code, the next step is to compile it. The Java
compiler (javac command) translates the source code into an intermediate
form called bytecode which is saved in a file with a .class extension.
• Bytecode is a set of instructions that is platform-independent and can be
executed on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.
• The bytecode is platform-independent, meaning it can be run on any
device with a JVM installed.

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 JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE (JVM)
• The Java source code is compiled by the Java compiler into bytecodes
that define the tasks to be performed during the execution phase (Phase 5).
• These bytecodes are executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is
an integral part of the JDK and serves as the foundation of the Java platform.

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 JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE (JVM)

• A virtual machine (VM) is a software program that emulates a computer and

provides a platform for executing applications.

• The JVM, specifically, simulates the operation of a computer, while hiding the
underlying operating system and hardware from the programs that interact with it.

• Bytecodes, unlike machine language, are not dependent on specific

computer hardware and are platform-independent. This means that the
same set of bytecodes can be executed on any platform that has a JVM that
understands the version of Java.

• As a result, Java's bytecodes are portable, and you can execute them without
having to recompile the source code.

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 To invoke the JVM, you can use the java command followed by
the name of the Java application you want to execute.
 For example, if you want to run a Java application named
"Welcome," you would type:

> java Welcome

 in a command window to invoke the JVM, which would then initiate
the steps necessary to execute the application. This begins Phase
3.

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 PHASE 3: LOADING A PROGRAM INTO MEMORY

 In Phase 3, the JVM places the program in memory to execute it—

this is known as loading.

 The JVM’s class loader takes the .class files containing the
program’s bytecodes and transfers them to primary memory.

 The class loader also loads any of the .class files provided by Java
that your program uses. The .class files can be loaded from a disk
on your system or over a network

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37
 PHASE 4: BYTECODE VERIFICATION
 In Phase 4, as the classes are loaded, the bytecode verifier
examines their bytecodes to ensure that they’re valid and do
not violate Java’s security restrictions .
 Java enforces strong security to make sure that Java programs
arriving over the network do not damage your files or your system
(as computer viruses and worms might)

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 PHASE 5: EXECUTION

 In Phase 5, the JVM executes the program’s bytecodes, thus performing the
actions specified by the program.

 In early Java versions, the JVM was simply an interpreter for Java
bytecodes.

 This caused most Java programs to execute slowly, because the JVM would
interpret and execute one bytecode at a time.

 Today’s JVMs typically execute bytecodes using a combination of

interpretation and so-called just-in-time (JIT) compilation.

 In this process, the JVM analyses the bytecodes as they’re interpreted,

searching for hot spots (parts of the bytecodes that execute frequently). 39
 For these parts, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler—known as the Java
HotSpot compiler—translates the bytecodes into the
underlying computer’s machine language.
 When the JVM encounters these compiled parts again, the faster
machine-language code executes.

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Thus Java programs actually go through two translation phases

 One in which source code is translated into bytecodes (for

portability across JVMs on different computer platforms)

 Second in which, during execution, the bytecodes are

translated into machine language for the actual computer on
which the program executes.

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 MY FIRST JAVA APPLICATION
1st Line: public class HelloWorld
• Java is a true object-oriented language and therefor, Everything
must be placed inside a class
• ‘class’ is a keyword and declares a new class definition follows by
the name – HelloWorld
• The class uses an access specifier ‘public’, which indicates that
our class is accessible from other packages(packages are
collection of classes) 2nd Line: {
• Every class definition in Java
begins with Opening curly
brace ‘{‘ and ends with a
matching closing brace ‘}’
• We can place ‘{‘ next to the
first line
• E.g. public class HelloWorld 42

{
3rd Line: public static void main (String[] args)
• Indicates a method called ‘main’ in our class
• The ‘main’ method is the starting point of a Java program. It is where
JVM begins execution of the program.
• A java application can have any number of classes but only one of them
must include a main method to initiate the execution.
• “public” : is an access specifier that says the “main” method is
accessible to any object (or to all classes)
• “static” : declares this method does not belong to an instance of an a
class, rather it belongs to the class as a whole. “main” must always be
declared “static” since the interpreter uses this method before any
objects are created.
• “void” : indicates main method does not return any value
• “String[] args” : declares parameter named args which contains an
array of strings. Array of strings is passed by command line. 43
• 5th Lne: System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
• Since Java is a true Object Oriented language, every method must be
part of an object. The “println” method is a member of the out object,
which is static data member of the “System” class.
• Prints a given text to the screen.
• “println” appends a newlne to the end of string, “print” does not.
• Every Java program consists of at least one class declaration that is defined by the programmer.
• By convention all class names in Java begin with capitalized first letters of each word in a name.
• Class name can contain: digits, letters, underscore, dollar sign but do not begin with a digit.
• Java is CASE SENSETIVE!
• When we save a public class declaration in a file, the file name must be “class name” followed
by “.java” extension.
• Every Java statement must end with a semicolon.

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 COMMENTING YOUR PROGRAMS

 Comments used to increase the readability of document programs.

 Java compiler ignores comments , so they do not cause the computer to
perform any action when the program is run.
 There are two types of comments in Java
I. Single line comment begins with //, indicating that it is an end-of-line
comment- it terminates at the end of the line on which the // appears.
II. Traditional comments (multiline comments):- which can spread over
several lines
 These begin and end with delimiters /* and */

Forgetting one of the delimiters of a traditional or Javadoc comment is a

syntax error.

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 A syntax error occurs when the compiler encounters code that
violates Java’s language rules (i.e., its syntax)

 These rules are similar to a natural language’s grammar rules

specifying sentence structure.

 Syntax errors are also called compiler errors, compile-time errors

or compilation
errors, because the compiler detects them during the compilation
phase.

 The compiler responds by issuing an error message and preventing

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your program from compiling.
 DECLARING A CLASS

 The Phrase “public class FirstJavaCode “begins a class declaration

 Every Java program consists of at least one class that you (the
programmer) define.

 The class keyword introduces a class declaration and is immediately

followed by the class name (HelloWorld).

 Keywords (sometimes called reserved words) are reserved for use by

Java and are always spelled with all lowercase letters.

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 DECLARING A METHOD

 public static void main( String[] args ) is the starting point of every Java
application.

 The parentheses after the identifier main indicate that it’s a program building
block called a method. Java class declarations normally contain one or more
methods.

 For a Java application, one of the methods must be called main.

 Methods perform tasks and can return information when they complete their tasks.

 Keyword void indicates that this method will not return any information.

 the String[] args in parentheses is a required part of the method main’s declaration

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PERFORMING OUTPUT WITH SYSTEM.OUT.PRINTLN

 System.out.println( “Hello World!" ); instructs the computer to

perform an action—namely, to print the string of characters
contained between the double quotation marks (but not the
quotation marks themselves).
 A string is sometimes called a character string or a string
literal.
 White-space characters in strings are not ignored by the compiler.
 The System.out object is known as the standard output object.
It allows a Java applications to display information in the command
window from which it executes.
 Method System.out.println displays (or prints) a line of text in
the command window.
 The string in the parentheses is the argument to the method. 49
 C O M P I L I N G AN D EX EC U TI N G YO U R FI R S T J AVA AP P L I C AT I O N

Using the Java Development Kit’s command-line tools, not an IDE.

 lets assume we have a folder in drive C : called “java”

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public class EndOfChapter1 {

public static void main(String [] args){

System.out.println(“End of Chapter One. Thank you”) ;

System.out.println(“Reading Assignment- study about variables and
data types in java”) ;

}
}

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END OF CHAPTER 1

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