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Chapter 6

Uploaded by

sara.ahmed.404736
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You are on page 1/ 52

Unit 3: Cell

Module: Basic Chemistry


Chapter 6: Metabolism: Energy &
Enzymes

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Lesson 1: CELLS AND
THE FLOW OF
ENERGY
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Learning
Outcomes

Headline

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Law of Entropy

 When energy is changed from one form to another,


there is a loss of energy that is available to do work.
 No process requiring a conversion of energy is ever
100% efficient.
 Much of the energy lost in the form of heat.

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Entropy means “turning inward”- relative amount of
disorganization.

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 Organisms called producers use energy to create organized
structure in biological molecules.
 Organisms that consume producers can use this potential
energy to drive their own processes.
 Living organisms depend on a constant supply of solar
energy

 The ultimate source of all solar energy in the biosphere is to


become randomized in the universe as heat.

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Lesson 2: Metabolic
Reactions and
Energy
Transformations
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Learning
Outcomes

Headline

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Lesson starter

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Free energy is the amount of energy available to perform
work.

Differentiate
exergonic and
endergonic
reactions?

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3rd & 5th page

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b5d-c66d6da6adeb/12158233/index.html

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Coupled reactions
• Energy released by an exergonic reaction (or
reactions) is captured in ATP.
• ATP is then used to drive an endergonic reaction.

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Lesson 3: Metabolic
Pathways and
Enzymes
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E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
A  B C D E  F G
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Degradation:
• Enzyme complexes with a single substrate
molecule.
• Substrate is broken apart into two product
molecules, which are released.

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EA

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Energy of activation (Ea).
Enzymes speed the rate of
reactions, because they
lower the amount of energy
required for the reactants to
activate. Even spontaneous
reactions like this one, in
which the energy of the
product is less than the
energy of the reactant,
speed up when an enzyme
is present.

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• as  substrate =  reaction
rate
• more substrate = more
frequently collide with enzyme
• reaction rate levels off
• all enzymes have active site
engaged
• enzyme is saturated
• maximum rate of reaction

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Optimal pH

The effect of pH on rate of reaction. The optimal pH for pepsin, an enzyme that acts in
the stomach, is about 2, while the optimal pH for trypsin, an enzyme that acts in the
small intestine, is about 8. Enzyme shape is best maintained at the optimal pH, which
allows it to function best and bind with its substrates.

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Temperature
 Enzyme activity increases with temperature.
 Warmer temperatures cause more effective
collisions between enzyme and substrate.
 However, hot temperatures can denature and
destroy enzymes.

The effect of temperature on rate of reaction. a. Usually, the rate of an enzymatic reaction doubles with
every 10°C rise in temperature. This enzymatic reaction is maximum at about 40°C; then it decreases
until the reaction stops altogether, because the enzyme has become denatured. b. The body
temperature of ectothermic animals, such as iguanas, which take on the temperature of their
environment, often limits rates of reactions. c. The body temperature of endothermic animals, such as
polar bears, promotes rates of reaction.
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Siamese cats
have a mutation
that causes
enzymes to be
active only at
cooler body
temperatures,
affecting
coloration

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Many enzymes require the presence of an inorganic ion or
a nonprotein organic molecule at the active site in order to
work properly; these necessary ions or molecules are
called cofactors.

Molecules required to activate enzyme.


FAD and and are cofactors, the first two in cellular
respiration, the third in photosynthesis.
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Enzyme cofactors

Cofactors at
Active Site

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Noncompetitive inhibition

The inhibitor does not bind at the active site, but at an


allosteric (allo means “other”) site.
• A change in shape initiated by an inhibitor binding to
the allosteric site changes the shape of the active
site, making it unable to bind to its substrate.

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Noncompetitive inhibition of
an enzyme. In the pathway,
A–E are substrates, E1–E5
are enzymes, and F is the
end product of the pathway
that inhibits enzyme E1.
This negative feedback is
useful, because it prevents
wasteful production of
product F

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Lesson: 4. Oxidation-
Reduction Reactions
and Metabolism
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Outcomes

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The energy is provided by solar energy.

The reduction of carbon dioxide to form a mole of


glucose stores 686 kilocalories of energy in the
chemical bonds of glucose.
Living organisms can oxidize glucose in mitochondria.

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𝟔 𝐂 𝐎𝟐
𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 𝟔 𝐎𝟐 𝟔 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
+ → carbon + + 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲
𝐠𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐱𝐲𝐠𝐞𝐧 water
𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞
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Relationship of chloroplasts to mitochondria. Chloroplasts produce energy-rich
carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is broken down in mitochondria, and the energy released is
used for the buildup of ATP. Mitochondria can also respire molecules derived from fats
and amino acids for the buildup of ATP. Usable energy is lost as heat due to the energy
conversions of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and the use of ATP in the body.
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End of Main Content

Because learning changes


everything. ®
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om

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