Direct Indirect Speech

By: Gita Novianti Suliawan And Nabilah Admadafina Class : X RSBI A
y We often have to give information about what people
say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
y Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech) Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word. For example: She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." or "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
y Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word. When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example:
Direct Speech "I'm going to the cinema", he said Indirect Speech He said he was going to the cinema.
y Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech:
A. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all the Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense. a. A simple present tense becomes simple past tense. Example: Direct : He said, I am unwell. Indirect: He said that he was unwell. b. A present continuous tense becomes a past continuous. Example: Direct : He said, my mother is writing letter. Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.
y c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect:
Example: Direct: He said, I have passed the examination. Indirect: he said that he had passed the examination. d. As a rule the simple past tense in the Direct Speech becomes the past perfect tense in Indirect Speech. Example: Direct: He said, His horse died in the night. Indirect: he said that his horse had died in the night.
Direct Speech
Present Simple She said, It s cold. Present Continuous She said, I ve been on the web since 1990. Present Perfect Continuous She said, I ve been teching English for seven years. Past Simple She said, I taught online yeasterday. Past Continuoud She said, I was teaching earlier Past Perfect She said, The lesson had already started when he arrived. Past Perfect Continuous She said, I d already been teaching for five minutes. Present Continuous She said, I m teaching English online.
Indirect Speech
Past Simple She said it was cold. Past Perfect Simple She said she had been on the web sin 1990. Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years. Past Perfect She said she had taught online yesterday. Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been teaching earlier. Past Perfect NO CHANGE She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. Past Perfect Continuous NO CHANGE She said she d already been teaching for five minutes. Past Continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Pronoun change
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes. For example:
NOTE: y -The shall of the future is changed into should. y -The will of the future is changed into would.
y
-The can and may of the future are changed into could and might respectively. Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and tought to.
Direct Speech I might go to the cinema , he said. Indirect Speech He said he might go to the cinema.
Pronoun change In reported speech, the pronoun often changes. For example: Me "I teach English online."
You
She said she teaches English online.
y Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting. Expressions of time if reported on a different day For example :
this (evening) that (evening);today yesterday ;these (days) those (days);now then;(a week) ago (a week) before;last weekend the weekend before ;last / the previous weekend;here there;next (week) the following (week);tomorrow the next/following day
y In addition if you report something that someone said in a different
place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there). For example:-
At work
"How long have you worked here?
At home
"She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Direct Indirect Speech

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By: Gita Novianti Suliawan And Nabilah Admadafina Class : X RSBI A

y We often have to give information about what people

y Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

y Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech:

y c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect:

She said she teaches English online.

y In addition if you report something that someone said in a different

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