Chapter 1: Introduction: Matter & Measurements

Sections covered:
1.2 - Classification of matter
1.3 - Properties of matter
1.4 - Units of measurement
1.5 - Uncertainty in measurement
1.6 - Dimensional analysis
 What is
CHEMISTRY
?
CHEMISTRY is the branch of

physical science that studies the

composition, structure, properties and change

of MATTER
 Every aspect of the world
today – even politics and
international relations – is
Linus Pauling affected by chemistry.
(1901- 1994)
What is
MATTER
?
It is anything that
occupies
SPACE and
has MASS
 Section 2.3
The Modern View of Atomic Structure
Matter is
made of
atoms
The atom is the
smallest unit of
substance.
 We can view
the atom using
the simple
Rutherford
model.
 NUCLEUS
contains
NEUTRONS
and
PROTONS.
ELECTRON CLOUD
Sub-atomic particle Charge
Only the
Proton +1 protons and
electrons
Neutron None have a
Electron -1 charge.
 10-4 Å

1 to 5 Å

1 Å = 100 pm = 10 -10
m
 If the atom was the size of the a
ball with a width of 1m then
the NUCLEUS would be
approximately the size of one
fine grain of sand with a
width of 0.1mM.
1m
The unit for the mass of an
element or sub-atomic
particle is amu
amu is based on the
mass of an atom of the
12
C isotope
1 atom of C isotope = 12
12
amu
 1 amu =
1
/12 of the weight of C atom
12
Sub-atomic particle Mass (amu) Protons and
neutrons have
essentially the
Proton 1.0073 same mass.
Neutron 1.0087
The mass of an
Electron 0.0005486 electron is so
small we ignore
it.
Elements can
be symbolised
 Atomic number or Proton number (Z)
= Number of Protons
2

He
4.003
Elemental symbol.
Typically symbolised by 1 or 2 letters

Atomic mass number is the larger number

 Atomic mass =
Number of neutrons + Number of protons
 Therefore,
number of neutrons =
Atomic mass (rounded off) – proton number
HYDROGEN CARBON ARGON
1 6 18

H 1.01
C 12.01
Ar 39.95
Atoms with different
different proton numbers
are called…
ELEMENTS
 There are
many elements
CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN

FLUORINE SULPHUR HYDROGEN

compiled in order
of proton
numbers in
a…
Periodic
Table
 Section 2.5

The Periodic Table

Periodic Table

http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table
• The Periodic Table was developed over a 200 year period

• The vertical columns are called GROUPS

• The horizontal rows are called PERIODS

• The red line on the right separates the METALS from the NON-
METALS
• The main groups are numbered from 1 to 18 going from left
to right

• The block in between Group 2 and Group 3 are

the TRANSITION METALS

• There are only two elements in Period 1 (hydrogen and

helium)

• Only the first 94 elements are naturally found.

 Elements in the
same group have
SIMILAR CHEMICAL
and PHYSICAL
properties.
There is a REPEATING pattern o
PROPERTIES hence PERIODIC.
 Group 1
elements are
known as the
ALKALI
METALS
Li Little

Na Form +1 Naughty

K oxidation states Kids

Rb Rob

Cs Cosmetic

Fr Fragrances
elements are
known as the
ALKALINE
EARTH
Be Beautiful
Mg Magnificent
Ca Form +2 Cats
Sr oxidation states
Strike
Ba
Ra Bad

Rats
Group 13
elements
B Boys
Al Form +3 And
Ga oxidation states Gals
In In
Tl
Thailand
Group 14
elements
 C Chemistry
Si Form +4 Sir
Ge oxidation states Gives
Sn Snappy
Pb Problems
Group 15
elements
N New

P Form -3 Popes

As oxidation states Assign

Sb Subordinate

Bi Bishops
elements are
known as the
CHALCOGEN
S
O O’
S Form -2 Sullivan
Se oxidation states Sells

Te Tea

Po Pots
 Group 17
elements are
known as the
HALOGENS
F Floor
Cl Form -1 Cleaners
Br oxidation states Bring
I In
At Ants
elements are
known as the

NOBLE
He
He
Ne Neatly
Ar These are very stable Arranged
elements. Karen’s
Kr eXtraordinary
Xe Ring

Rn
Group 12-13 are
known as the
TRANSITION
METALS
Sc Ti V Cr Ma Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

These can have multiple oxidation

states.

Scary Tiny Vicious Creatures with Many

Feet Consume Nice Cute Zebras
Which elements exist
in the human body?
Which elements exist
in the Earth’s crust?
 What is a
chemical
substance
?
It is a group of atoms

that are chemically

bonded to each other.

 The word

MOLECU
 O

H H
A chemical substance has a

constant chemical
composition.
What is a pure
chemical
substance?
It is a substance that is made of ONE
TYPE of molecule that has distinct
properties and chemical composition
(e.g. H2O, N2, CO2, NaCl).
 O
H
H
O

H
O
H H

H
If the chemical substance is

made up of just one

element, it is called an…
ELEMENTA
L
Examples
include…
Nitrogen

Oxygen
Hydrogen
 An elemental substance
CANNOT BE decomposed to
simpler substances.
 Cannot be
turned into a
simpler
Nitrogen substance
If the chemical substance is
made up of more than one
element, it is called a…
COMPOUN
Examples
include…
 Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A compound CAN BE
decomposed to simpler
substances.
 O
H H H H

O
O H H
+

O
H H
If we physically MIX an ‘elemental

substance’ and/or ‘compound’, it

becomes a…
MIXTURE
The substances are combine

without a chemical reaction.

 The substances retain

their chemical identities.

There are two types

of mixtures
Homogeneous
mixture
This has a uniform
composition and
appearance.
Example: salt in water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WS5eFc8x1U
Heterogeneous
mixture
 This does not have a
uniform composition and
has a varied appearance.
Example: sand in water, oil in water
Matter can be defined in their

PHYSICAL STATES
 heat heat

cool cool
SOLIDS: LIQUIDS: GASES:
• Fixed shape • Changeable shape • No fixed shape
• Fixed volume • Fixed volume • No fixed volume
• Incompressible • Incompressible • Compressible
Separation of mixtures
Iron and gold can be separated by magnetism.
In filtration, solid substances are separated
from liquids with use of filter papers.
Distillation uses boiling points to separate a
homogeneous mixture into its components.
Chromatography technique separates
substances on the basis of differences in
solubility in a solvent.
Other separation methods include:
• Crystallization
• Sublimation
• Evaporation
• Centrifugation
• Precipitation
HOMEWO
RK
1. Which of the following can be classified as
a pure substance?

A. Ocean water
B. C6H12O6
C. Some Fe powder mixed with S powder
D. Air
2. Which of the following can be classified as a
compound?

A. Diamond (C)
B. Some Fe powder mixed with S powder
C. FeS
D. Silver (Ag)
3. Which of the following is a homogeneous
mixture?

A. NaCl
B. Mixture of sand and water
C. Pure Gold (Au)
D. NaCl completely dissolved in water
4. Which of the following is a heterogeneous
mixture?

A. NaCl completely dissolved in water

B. Mixture of sand and water
C. Pure Gold (Au)
D. NaCl
Answers

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. B
 Section 1.3
Properties of matter
What is a chemical
change?
These are changes that result
in new chemical substances
ie chemical reaction.
It involves the breaking and
making of new atomic
bonds.
Chemical properties are used to measure
or describe a substance’s reactivity

eg combustion, oxidation, decomposition

 Example
Reaction of potassium with water
Potassium + water  potassium hydroxide + hydrogen

2K + 2H2O+ O2  2KOH + H2 + heat

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqMN3y8k9So
 Another example
Dissolution of a copper
penny

nitric acid + copper  copper (II) nitrate + nitrogen dioxide + water

4 HNO3 + Cu  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3kBkkk-SqM
What is a physical
change?
 These are changes that result in an
alteration of the physical state or
appearance of a substance but not its
composition.
It is the same substance before
and after the change.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES are used to measure or describe
a substance without changing its composition eg color,
odour, boiling point, melting point, mass, hardness,
appearance, density, solubility, polarity.
 Example of physical change

heat
H2O (s) H2O (l)
Ice liquid water
 Example of physical change

compression + refrigeration
CO2 (g) CO2 (s)
carbon dioxide gas solid carbon dioxide (dry ice)
 EXTensive Properties

This property DEPENDS on the amount of the substance

present. Extensive properties are excellent for quantification
purposes.
Mnemonic
With EXTra amount its value changes.

Examples include: volume, mass, size, weight, length

 INTensive Properties

This property DOES NOT depend on the amount of the

substance present. Intensive properties can be used to
identify substances.
Mnemonic
Its value is maINTained and can help in IdeNTification

Examples include boiling point, concentration, melting point,

density, state of matter, shine, colour
HOMEWO
RK
5. Is it an intensive or extensive
property?

Before After
Addition of water

a. Density (of water) 1mg/ml 1mg/ml

b. Boiling point (of water) 100oC 100oC
c. Volume (of water) 100ml 250ml
d. Height (of water) 8cm 20cm
6. Which of the following is only a physical
change?

A. Combustion of hydrogen
B. Melting of ice to water
C. Rusting of iron
D. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)
7. Which of the following is a
chemical change?

A. Decomposition of CaCO3 into CaO and CO2

B. Filtration of sand from water
C. Melting of ice-cream
D. Evaporation of water
 Answers

a. Density (of water) 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Intensive

b. Boiling point (of water) 100oC 100oC Intensive
c. Volume (of water) 100ml 250ml Extensive
d. Height (of water) 8cm 20cm Extensive

6. B
7. A
 The International System of
Units

• Quantitative measurement is the cornerstone of modern science.

• In 1960 a system of base units was agreed in France known a the
International System of Units or Systeme Internationale (SI)
• This is a standard metric system for quantitative purposes.
 This system comprises seven
quantities, each of which has a
base unit.
Standard International (SI)
Units
Derived
Units
What is the SI
unit for
VOLUME ?
 To work this out, the
unit needs to be
derived from the basic
SI units
Volu
me =
length x length x length

=m×m×m
=m 3
 Length (m)

Length (m)

Length (m)
10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm
= 1000 cm = 1L
3

1dm x 1dm x 1dm

= 1dm = 1L
3
1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm
= 1 cm = 1 ml
3
1cm (=1ml) of water
3

weighs 1 g
What is the SI
unit for
DENSITY?
Densi
m kg
ty = = 3
m
V

= kg/m 3
Density is also commonly
expressed in g/cm which
3

is based on the density of

water
To make writing easier, prefixes are

used to specify the size of the base

unit.
Rather than writing 1000m, we

can instead write

1 kilometer (=1km)
Mnemonic to remember the top scale
prefixes
Yelling = Yotta = base unit x 10-24
Zebras = Zetta = base unit x 10-21
Encourage = Exa = base unit x 10-18
Penguins = Peta = base unit x 10-15
To = Terra = base unit x 10-12
Grow = Giga = base unit x 10-9
Mighty = Mega = base unit x 10-6
Kingly = Kilo = base unit x 10-3
Beards = Base unit = base unit x 1
Mnemonic to remember the bottom scale prefixes

By = BASE UNIT = base unit x 1

Drinking = Deci = base unit x 101
Cold = Centi = base unit x 102
Milk = Milli = base unit x 103
My = Micro = base unit x 106
Nose = Nano = base unit x 109
Pimple = Pico = base unit x 1012
Falls = Femto = base unit x 1015
Away =Atto = base unit x 1018
 10-
12 terra
10- giga
10-9
-6
mega
10
3 kilo
100 BASE UNIT
103 milli
106 micro
10 9 nano
101 pico
2
10 1
femto
5
Using higher prefixes
eg bytes
(computer storage)
 x 10-
12 0.000000000001 TB
x
10 -9 0.000000001 GB
x
10 -6 0.000001 MB
x 10 -

x
3 0.001 KB
10 0 BASE UNIT 1 BYTE
Using lower prefixes
eg grams
 x 10 BASE UNIT 1 gram
0

x 10 3 1000 mg
x 106 1000000 mg
x
1000000000 ng
10
x
9
1000000000000 pg
1012
How to convert
between
prefixes
• Work out how many prefix jumps
are needed.
• This will give you the exponent (x)
• Multiply your original value by 10x
to get the final answer.
10 microwatts
6

= ? megawatts
 There are
4 jumps up ((-3) + (-3) + (-3) + (-3))
therefore the exponent is
-12.
So you will multiply by 10 -12
 10-
12 terra
10- giga
10-9 10-
-6 mega 10 -3
12
10 10 -3
3 kilo
100 10 -3
BASE UNIT base
103 milli 10 -3

106 micro
10 9 nano
101 pico
2
10 1
femto
5
 10 microwatts
6

= 10 x 10 megawatts
6 -12

= 10 megawatts
-6
Convert 0.001 metres
to micrometers
 There are
2 jumps down ((+3) + (+3) )
therefore the exponent is
6.
So you will multiply by 10 6
 10- terra
12
10- giga
10-9
-6
mega
10 kilo
3 106
100 BASE UNIT base 103
103 milli 103
106 micro
10 9 nano
101 pico
2
10 1
femto
5
 0.001 metres = 10 metres
-3

= 10 x 10 micrometres
-3 6

= 10 mm (micrometres)
3
Temperatu
re scales
 Celsius
scale
The scale is based on the properties of water.
0 oC is the freezing point of water
100 oC is the boiling point of water.
Fahrenheit
scale
The scale is based on the properties
of salt/water.
0o F is the melting point of
brine(water/salt)
32 oF melting point of ice
 Kelvin
scale
This scale is based on the properties of ideal
gases:
0oC is the (theoretical) point at which
thermal motion ceases.
There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
FC183
2
F= (C x 1.8) +32
Convert 25 C to F
o o
F = (C x 1.8) +32

= (25 x 1.8) + 32

= 77 F o
KC27
3
K= C + 273
Convert 20 C to K
o
K = C + 273

= 20 + 273

= 293K
HOMEWO
RK
8. Which of the following is not an SI unit?

A. metres
B. inches
C. seconds
D. moles
9. How many Kelvins are there in
25oC?

A. 298
B. 77
C. 157
D. 312
10. How many oC are there in 25oF?

A. 77
B. 13.9
C. -18.1
D. -3.9
11. A volume of 5ml is the same as …

A. 5 litres
B. 5 cm3
C. 5 moles
D. 5 dm3
Answers

8. B
9. A
10. D
11. B
 Section 1.5
Uncertainty in measurements
Accuracy versus
Precision
Accuracy tells us how close
the measured value is to the true
value of a quantity.
Precision tells us how close
the measured values are to each
other and not the true value.
 POOR ACCURACY
Apple is weighed
MEASURED WEIGHTS
1st read = 1.964 g
TRUE WEIGHT OF APPLE 2nd read = 1.954 g
= 1.500 g
3rd read = 1.983 g
4th read = 1.984 g
5th read = 1.973 g
 POOR PRECISION
Apple is weighed
MEASURED WEIGHTS
1st read = 1.314 g
TRUE WEIGHT OF APPLE 2nd read = 1.504 g
= 1.500 g
3rd read = 2.002 g
4th read = 1.532 g
5th read = 1.512 g
Types of empirical
numbers in
science
 EXACT
NUMBERS
These numbers are counted or given
by definition. For example, there are
exactly 35 students in GC1 class or

1 inch = 2.54 cm
INEXACT
NUMBERS
These numbers are measured. The
number will not be exact. It will
have a certain level of accuracy.
MEASURING
DEVICES
Different measuring devices for making
measurements of all kinds.

Pressure Weighing
Voltmeter gauge scale
Measuring devices have
different degrees of
accuracy.
 Kitchen scale Analytical balance
Weight = 6.1 g (2sf) Weight = 6.1434 g (5sf)
All the digits of a measured
quantity including the
estimated ones are called…
Significant
figures
 This is sometimes
abbreviated to
sig figs, SF, or sf.
 The basic rule for
significant figures is that…
All digits are significant
except…
Zeros on the left of
the first non-zero
digit
 Zeros on the right of a
non-zero digit WITHOUT
a decimal point
0.000005 1sf
0.0000050100 5sf
506700 4sf
0025 2sf
7520
Sometimes the zeros at the end of a
whole number may be significant.
How do I show that
it is significant?
 I can use
scientific notation and
write…
7.520 x 10 3
More examples:
3200 becomes 3.20 x10 to 3sf
3

32000 becomes 3.20 x10 to 3sf

4

32000 becomes 3.200 x 10 to 4sf

4

32000 becomes 3.2 x 10 to 2sf

4
How to round
H

off numbers
Look at the last digit to be removed:

• If the last digit is less than 5, the preceding number is left

unchanged. Example: rounding 7.244 to 3 significant
figures gives 7.24.

• If the last digit removed is 5 or greater, the preceding

number is increased by 1. Example: 4.735 to three
significant figures gives 4.74.
When measured values are
ADDED/SUBTRACTED, the level of accuracy
is determined by the value with the LEAST
NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES.
 122 g 0 dp decimal place
2.3 g 1 dp decimal place
+ 14.567 g 3 dp decimal place
138.867 g
The least accurate value is 122 g which has no dp.
The final answer will therefore have no dp.
The value also needs to be rounded off.

Final answer = 139 g

Example 2: Subtracting measured values
122.8 g 1 dp decimal place
2.3 g 1 dp decimal place
- 14.567 g 3 dp decimal place

105.933 g

The least accurate values are 122.8 and 2.3g which have 1 dp.
The final answer will therefore have 1 dp.
The value also needs to be rounded off.

Final answer = 105.9 g

When measured values are
MULTIPLIED/DIVIDED, the level of accuracy
is determined by the value with the LEAST
NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES.
 122.8 cm 4 sf
2.3 cm 2 sf
x 14.567 cm 5 sf
4114.30348 cm3
The value of 2.3 has the least sf.
The final answer will therefore have 2 sf.
Make sure to round off the value.

Final answer = 4.1 x 103 cm3

Example 2: Dividing measured values (eg determining speed)

5.6 x 103 km ÷ 8.50 h = 658.8235294 km/h

2 sf 3 sf

The value of 5.6 x 103 has the least sf.

The final answer will therefore have 2 sf.
Make sure to round off the value.

Final answer = 6.6 x 102 km/h

 Performing multiple operations
on measured values
The intermediate values may
determine the number of
significant figures or decimal points
in the final answer.
 2.45 x 2.3 x (0.098 + 12.8) = 72.68023

3 sf =12.9 (1 dp)
2 sf
3 sf
This value has the least sf so the final answer
will need to be given to 2sf
Final answer = 73
 Example 2

(2.5 x 3.42) + 13.681 – 0.55 = 21.681

=8.6 (2 sf) 3 dp 2 dp

1 dp

This value has the least dp so the final answer will need to be given to 1dp

Final answer = 21.7

 Example 3
3 sf 4 sf

12.5 x 2.398 x 0.0072 = 19.035398

1.13 x 10-2
2 sf
3 sf

This value has the least sf so the final answer will need to be given to 2sf

Final answer = 19
HOMEWO
RK
12. In three trials, a student records the following sample
masses: 1.200 g, 1.250g, 1.200 g, and 1.250 g. The true value is
0.340 g. The student’s data have?

A. good accuracy and good precision.

B. good accuracy but poor precision.
C. poor accuracy but good precision.
D. poor accuracy and poor precision.
13. In three trials, a student records the following sample
masses: 0.340 g, 0.338 g, 0.342 g, and 0.345 g. The true value is
0.340 g. The student’s data have?

A. good accuracy and good precision.

B. good accuracy but poor precision.
C. poor accuracy but good precision.
D. poor accuracy and poor precision.
14. Round off the following values to 3 sf.

Part Number Correct Answer Part Number Correct Answer

a 0.06750 e 2000
b 10.25001 f 5.06700
c 6.582 x 103 g 20.6780590
d 0.007225 h 123, 456.700
15. How many significant figures in each of the following
numbers?

Part Number Correct Answer Part Number Correct Answer

a 23.560 e 2000
b 0.0890 f 5.06700
c 24.5 x 104 g 20.6780590
d 123.098 h 123, 456.700
16. The following measurements are added: 4.1 g and
7.08g. How should the final value be expressed?

A. 11.180
B. 11.18
C. 11.2
D. 11
17. The following measurements are added: 4.100 g and
7.08g. How should the final value be expressed?

A. 11.180
B. 11.18
C. 11.2
D. 11
18. The following operation is performed: 6.9 g -
5.07 g. What is the final value?

A. 1.830
B. 1.83
C. 1.8
D. 1
19. The following operation is performed: 6.912 g
- 5.07 g. What is the final value?

A. 1.842
B. 1.84
C. 1.8
D. 1
20. What is the final value after performing the following
calculation:
5.2 cm × 7.01 cm = ____ cm2

A. 36
B. 36.4
C. 36.45
D. 36.452
21. What is the final value after performing the following
calculation:
5.2 cm × 7.012 cm = ____ cm2

A. 36
B. 36.4
C. 36.46
D. 36.462
22. What is the final value after performing the following
calculation:
6.03 g ÷ 7.1 mL = _____ g/mL

A. 0.8
B. 0.85
C. 0.849
D. 0.849257
23. What is the final measured value after
performing the following calculation: 6.03 g ÷ 6.50
mL = _____ g/mL

A. 0.93
B. 0.927
C. 0.928
D. 0.927692
 Answers
Question 14

Part Number Correct Answer Part Number Correct Answer

a 0.06750 0.0675 e 2000 2.00 x 103
b 10.25001 10.3 f 5.06700 5.07
c 6.582 x 103 6.58 x 103 g 20.6780590 20.7
d 0.007225 0.00723 h 123, 456.700 123000

Question 15
Part Number Correct Answer Part Number Correct Answer

a 23.560 5 e 2000 1
b 0.0890 3 f 5.06700 6
c 24.5 x 104 3 g 20.6780590 9
d 123.098 6 h 123, 456.700 9
 Answers

12. C 16. C 20. A

13. A 17. B 21. A
14. 18. C 22. B
15. 19. B 23. C
Converting between units
 Algorithm for converting between units

given unit x desired unit = desired unit

given unit

Our known quantity Conversion factor arranged Our unknown quantity

in the GIVEN UNIT. so that the GIVEN UNIT in the DESIRED UNIT
cancels out

The given unit = unit that is given to you and the desired unit= unit you want to convert to.
100 Fils = 1 Dhiram
3 Dhirams = ??? Fils
3 x 100 = 300 fils
3 Dhirams = 300 Fils
A conversion factor
is used
 Dhirams Fils
1 100

Conversion factor = 100 fils

1 Dhs
3 Dhs x
100 fils
1 Dhs
= 300 fils
 Initial value
x
conversion factor
=
FINAL CONVERTED VALUE
Example 1: An object has a
length of 8.50 inches. What
will the length be in cm?
 Initial value
x
conversion factor
=
FINAL CONVERTED VALUE
 Inches cm
1 2.54

Conversion factor (cf) = 2.54 cm

1 inch
 Initial
value cf
8.5 inches x 2.54 cm = 21.59 cm
1 inch
Example 2: Determine the
length in km of a 500.0 mile
automobile race?
(1 km = 0.62137 miles)
 Initial value
x
conversion factor
=
FINAL CONVERTED VALUE
 mile km
0.62317 1
cf = 1 km
0.62317 mile
Initial
value cf
500 mile x 1 km = 800km
0.62317 mile
Example 3:
Convert 8.00 m to inches.
(1m = 100cm , 1 inch=2.54cm)
 Initial value
x
conversion factor(s)
=
FINAL CONVERTED VALUE
m cm in
1 100
2.54 1
 cf1 cf2
100 cm 1 inch
1m 2.54
Initial
value cf1 cf2
8 m x 100cm x 1 inch = 315.2 inch
1 m 2.54 cm
Example 4: The average speed of
a nitrogen molecule in air at
25 C is 515 m/s. Convert this
o

speed to miles per hour.

(1 km = 1000m, 1 km = 0.62137
miles, 1 min = 60 s, 60 min = 1h)
It can be solved in a
single step
 conversion conversion conversion conversion
m/s km/s factor 2 miles/s factor 3 miles/min factor 4 miles/h
factor 1

515 m x 1 km x 0.62137 mile x 60 s x 60 min

s 1000 m 1 km 1 min 1h

= 1.15 x 10 miles per hour 3

or the steps can be
separated
by…
…converting metres to miles
and then scaling up the
distance/time
 1 km 0.621 mile
515m X X
1000 m 1 km

= 0.3198 miles
So the speed is
0.3198 miles/s
 Scale up the
distance/time
 = 0.3198 miles/s
x 60 x 60

= 19.189 miles/min
x 60 x 60

= 1151 miles/h
HOMEWO
RK
Example 5: Calculate the mass in
grams of 2.00 in gold which has a
3

density of 19.3g/cm .
3

(1 inch = 2.54 cm)

It can be solved in a
single step
This is a 2 step conversion factor but the units for the 2nd conversion
factor need to be cubed.

conversion conversion
inch3 cm3 factor 2 g
factor 1

2 in3 X 2.543cm3 19.3 g

X = 633 g
13 in3 1 cm3
Or the steps can be carried
out separately by …
…converting inch to cm and
3 3

then calculating the mass

using the density equation
inch cm inch 3
cm 3

1 2.54 1 2.54 3

cf = 2.54 cm = 16.4 cm3

3 3

1 inch 3
1 inch 3
Volume = 2 inch x 16.4 cm
3 3
= 32.8 cm 3

1 inch 3
Density = mass
volume
Mass = volume x density
= 32.8 cm x 19.3g/cm
3 3

= 633g