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Blood Evidence - Lesson 1 (Autosaved)

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76 views

Blood Evidence - Lesson 1 (Autosaved)

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Sophia Miller
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Forensic Serology

 Forensic serology is a critical


branch of forensic science that
deals with the identification and
analysis of bodily fluids found at
crime scenes.
 Blood
 Semen
 Saliva
 Urine

 Among various bodily fluids,


blood is the most commonly
encountered evidence in criminal
investigations.

 The science of blood typing has a


rich history and has played a
pivotal role in solving countless
criminal cases.
Forensic Serology
 In this lesson, we will
delve into the fascinating
world of forensic serology,
with a particular focus on
blood typing, its historical
significance, and its
crucial role in solving
crimes.
Forensic Serology
 Three questions that must be answered by the forensic
investigator when suspected blood stains are found at a crime
scene :
1) Is it blood?
Benzidine Test
Kastle-Meyer Test Presumptive
Tests
Hemastix
Luminol Test
Bluestar
2) Is it human blood?
Precipitin Test
3) Can it be associated with an individual?
DNA profiling (time constrictive)
Blood typing
Forensic Serology
 Luminol test
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and iron. Iron reacts with
the ingredients in Luminol which can be made visible with a UV
light.
•Video Link: https://youtu.be/u73H-5-RP5Y
•One issue is that Luminol can destroy other DNA evidence at a
scene so other avenues are explored before using it.
Forensic Serology
 Kastle Meyer test

The Kastle-Meyer test uses a chemical reaction between blood


and hydrogen peroxide to produce a pink color.
•Video Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ex0Fd_PDhU
Forensic Serology
 Blood (if found at a
crime scene) can be
valuable in many
ways.
 Tests for blood are so
sensitive that they will
expose the presence
of blood even after a
surface has been
wiped clean.
 Blood that is many
years old can still be
identified as blood
and analyzed for DNA.
Blood Typing
 Blood typing is often used
to eliminate suspects or
confirm that the blood
does not match a victim.
 It is less time consuming
that DNA profiling and can
be performed on the
scene.
 Blood typing is considered
class evidence because it
can help narrow the
suspect field or eliminate a
suspect but cannot directly
link to an individual
person.
Blood Typing
 The word blood refers to a
complex mixture of cells,
enzymes, proteins, and
inorganic substances.

 The fluid portion of blood is


called plasma; it is composed
of water and accounts for 55%
of blood content.

 Suspended in the plasma are


solid materials consisting of
several types of cells- red
blood cells, white blood cells,
and platelets.

 The solid portion of blood Image credit: Saint Luke’s


https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-
accounts for 45% of its blood-and-blood-components
Blood Typing
 The history of blood
typing dates back to the
early 20th century,
where Karl Landsteiner,
an Austrian
immunologist,
discovered the ABO
blood group system.

 In 1901, Landsteiner
was the first to
recognize that all
human blood was not
the same.

 He found that blood is


distinguishable by its
group or type.
Blood Typing
 The ABO blood group system is determined by specific antigens
(proteins) present on the surface of red blood cells and
antibodies in the plasma.

 Blood is categorized into four major types: A, B, AB, and O,


based on the presence or absence of these antigens and
antibodies.
Type A
Red blood cells have the A antigen, and the plasma contains anti-B antibodies

Type B
Red blood cells have the B antigen, and the plasma contains anti-A antibodies

Type AB
Red blood cells have both A and B antigens, and the plasma contains no antibodies

Type O
Red blood cells have no antigens, and the plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies
Blood Typing
 Rh factors

 Rhesus (Rh)factor- a
protein found on the
outside of your red blood
cells.

 If your blood contains the


protein, you are said to be
Rh +

 If your blood does not


contain the protein, you
are said to be Rh –

 The Rh factor adds another


layer of complexity,
making eight possible Image Credit: Cleveland Clinic
blood types: A+, A-, B+, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21053-rh-factor
Blood Typing
Blood Typing
How common is your blood type?

How might this information be helpful to a forensic investigator?


Blood Typing Lab
CSI Team:
 The Oconee County Sheriff’s office
has sent you a criminal report in
which they need your help.

 They have worked a crime scene


where a blood stain was taken as
evidence. The blood stain was
found (along with a utility knife)
about 15 yards from the victim.

 Right now, they are awaiting DNA


testing (it could be MONTHS before
results are in), so they need your
help in eliminating suspects by
using a blood typing test.
Blood Typing Lab
 Today, you will be testing blood samples sent to your
lab. You will be determining blood types for 7 samples
using Anti-A serum, Anti-B serum, and Anti-RH
serum.

 You will be provided with a “cheat sheet” to assist


you in determining blood type.
Coagulation = positive (+)
No Coagulation = negative (-)
Blood Reaction w/ Reaction w/
Type Anti-A Serum Anti-B Serum
A + -
B - +
AB + +
O - -
Lab Set-Up
You will receive blood samples
from the crime scene/suspects
and identify the blood type of
each sample:
 Suspect #1
 Suspect #2
 Suspect #3
 Suspect #4
 Victim’s blood
 Blood stain found at
scene
 Blood found on utility
knife

It is important that you only test


ONE sample at a time!!!

The samples are in individual


testing kits. DO NOT MIX THEM
UP!
Lab Set-Up
You will be conducting the
blood typing lab on this
testing mat.

Be careful not to cross-


contaminate.
Lab Set-Up

Place a blood sample (2 drops) onto each oval of your testing mat.
Lab Set-Up

Add the appropriate serums (1-2 drops). Stir the serums into the
blood using a toothpick. Be sure to use a different toothpick for
each serum.
Lab Set-Up
Agglutination will
help you determine
blood type and Rh
factor.
Record data on your
student data sheet.

Your findings will be sent to


The Oconee Sherriff's Dept.

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