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    Perception

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    Perception

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    5 views17 pages

    Perception

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    haniaqasim70

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PSYCHOLOGY – SSC 210

    Lahore School of Economics

    Hirra Rana
    Sensation & Perception (contd.)

    Basics of perception
    Perception

    The mental process of organizing sensations into


    meaningful patterns.
    illusion A misleading or misconstrued
    perception.

    Hallucination An imaginary sensation—such


    as hearing or smelling something that
    does not exist in the external world.
    Perception
    Points to remember:

    • Fundamental ways of perceptual organization: Gestalt


    psychologists
    Gestalt laws of organization
    A series of principles that describe how we organize bits
    and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
    (Wertheimer, 1923)

    Those psychologists discovered a number of important


    principles that are valid for visual (as well as auditory)
    stimuli.
    Gestalt Principles of Perception
    • Figure-ground
    when we see a visual stimulus, part of what we see is the
    center of our attention, i.e. the figure, whereas the rest is the
    indistinct ground.
    Gestalt Principles of Perception
    • Continuity
    We tend to perceive lines or patterns that follow a smooth
    curve as being part of a single unit.
    Gestalt law states that learners tend to continue shapes
    beyond their ending points
    Gestalt Principles of Perception
    • Proximity
    Things that are close together are usually perceived as belonging
    together.
    Gestalt Principles of Perception
    • Similarity
    Marks that look alike tend to be grouped together
    Gestalt Principles of Perception
    • Closure
    Incomplete figures of familiar things tend to be perceived as
    complete wholes. Again, we fill in missing sensory
    information to create complete and whole perceptions.
    Perceptual constancy
    The phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived
    as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their
    appearance or in the physical environment .
    Perceptual Constancy
    The image of an object on your retina can vary
    in size, shape, and brightness
    • But we still continue to perceive the object as stable
    in size, shape and brightness
    (i) Size constancy
    • The tendency to view an object as constant in size
    despite changes in the size of its image on the
    retina (as we move)
    (ii) Shape constancy
    • The tendency to see an object as retaining its form
    despite changes in orientation
    Size
    Constancy
    Perceptual Constancy
    (iii) Brightness constancy
    • The tendency to view an object’s brightness as the
    same irrespective of whether it is in a dimly lit room
    or a bright room even though the intensity of light
    reaching the eye changes considerably.
    (iv) Color constancy
    • The tendency to see an object’s color as the same
    irrespective of the conditions of the light and
    surroundings that change incoming visual
    information
    Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing:

    Top-down processing
    Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge,
    experience, expectations, and motivations.

    top-down processing, preexisting knowledge is used to


    rapidly organize features into a meaningful whole (Goldstein,
    2010).

    Bottom-up processing:
    Organizing perceptions by beginning with low-level features.

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