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Lecture 7

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25 views

Lecture 7

Uploaded by

samuelmeresa19
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LAMP

S BY_KIBROM G.
LAMP
TYPES
1. Thermal radiators
 Incandescent lamp
 Tungsten Halogen

2. Discharge Lamp

 Fluorescent lamps
 High-intensity discharge (HID)

3. Light emitting diodes, LEDs,


1. Thermal radiators

 Thermal radiators generate light by using an incandescent


metal filament.
 As the temperature increases the spectrum of light shifts from the
red heat of the filament to warm white light.

 Characteristic features are low color temperature, excellent color


rendition and brilliance as a point light source.
Incandescent lamps

 Light is emitted when electricity


flows through—and heats—a
tungsten filament.

 lamps produce a warm light, are


inexpensive and easy to use but
have limited light per watt (20
to 40 lumens/watt) and a
short life.
 Most common shapes are A, R,
and PAR.
Incandescent lamps

Advantages

• Low initial cost


• Low fixture cost
• Simple installation
• Inexpensive to dim
• All-weather operation
• High CRI
Incandescent lamps

Disadvantages

• Voltage sensitive
• Lowest efficacy
• Short life
• Heat
Tungsten Halogen

 Halogen light bulbs operate on the same


principle as standard incandescent
heating the tungsten filament until it lows
Tungsten Halogen

Advantage
• Whiter light than incandescent
• Excellent lumen maintenance
• Longer life than incandescent
• More efficient than incandescent

Disadvantages
• More costly than incandescent
2. Discharge Lamp
 The light is generated principally using chemical
or electrical processes.
Fluorescent lamps

 These bulbs work by passing a


current through a tube filled with
argon gas and mercury. This
produces ultraviolet radiation that
bombards the phosphorous coating
causing it to emit light.

 Fluorescent lamps produce more light per


watt of energy (70–85 lumens/watt) than
incandescent
Fluorescent lamps
Types of fluorescent lamp
 preheat lamp - a fluorescent lamp that requires a separate starter
to preheat the cathodes before opening the circuit to the starting
voltage
 rapid-start lamp - a fluorescent lamp designed to operate with a
ballast having a low voltage winding for continuous heating of the
cathodes, which allows the lamp to be started more rapidly than a
preheat lamp
 instant-start lamp - a fluorescent lamp designed to operate with a
ballast having a high voltage transformer to initiate the arc directly
without any preheating of the cathodes
 high-output lamp - a rapid-start fluorescent lamp designed to operate on
a current of 800 milliamperes, resulting in a corresponding increase in
luminous flux per unit length of lamp
Fluorescent lamps
Advantages

• High efficiency
• Very good color
• Wide range of colors
• Wide range of wattages
• Good lumen maintenance
• Long life
Fluorescent lamps

Disadvantages

• Temperature effects
• Requires a ballast
• Light control
HID Lamps

 Electric-discharge
lamp with a light
producing arc
stabilized by bulb
temperature, including
mercury, metal halide,
and high-pressure
sodium.
HID Lamps
Types of HID
 mercury lamp - a high-intensity discharge lamp producing light by
means of an electric discharge in mercury vapor. Also called mercury-
vapor lamp. 35 to 65 lumens/watt.
 sodium lamp - a high-intensity discharge lamp producing light by
means of an electric discharge in sodium vapor. Also called sodium
vapor lamp.
 low-pressure sodium lamp - a sodium lamp producing a yellow, glare
less light and used especially to illuminate roadways. Also, LPS lamp.
Efficiency is 150 lumens/watt.
 high-pressure sodium lamp - a sodium lamp producing broader
spectrum, golden-white light, HPS lamp. Efficiency is 100 lumens/watt.
 metal halide lamp - a high-intensity discharge lamp similar in construction
to mercury lamp, but having an arc tube to which more metal halides are
added to produce more light and improve color rendering. Efficiency is 80
lumens/watt
HID Lamps
Advantage
 HID lamps have been excellent
choices for applications that require
high efficacy,
 long life,
 operation in a wide range of ambient
temperatures,
 and positive long-term economics.
 and a wide spectrum of colors and
wattages
HID Lamps
Disadvantage
 Disadvantages of HID lamps

• include the required start-up time,


• color shifts during the life of the
lamp,
• variations in color between lamps of
the same type,
• strict ballast requirements,
• and the fact that they are not easily
dimmable.
3. Light emitting diodes, LEDs,

 LEDs are semiconductor diodes that gives


light when voltage is applied to it, it belong
to the group of electroluminescent sources.
The light is generated by recombining
charge carrier pairs in a semiconductor
with an appropriate energy band gap. LEDs
produce narrow band radiation.
 LEDs used for lighting do not produce UV
or IR radiation.

 LED lamps produce more than 100 lumens of


light per watt of energy.
Types of LED
 T-type LED

 Surface Mounted Device (SMD)

 Chip on Board“ (COB)

 High-power LED
Light emitting diodes, LEDs,

 Light emitting diodes, LEDs,

• have extremely long life, impact


resistance and low energy
consumption. With an average rated
life of 50,000 hours, LEDs are suitable
for long operating times.

• When dimmed, the light color remains


constant.

• As they start instantly and react


directly to control, they are ideal for
quick, dynamic light scenes.
Light emitting diodes, LEDs,
Advantage
Less energy consumption : a led lamp can
consume up to 50% less than a lamp with low
consumption, making the energy expenditure is
almost zero. They also spend 80% less than
halogen.
Long durability : Led lamps can provide more
than 50,000 hours.

High chromatic reproduction index : A great


and faithful one at the time of reproduction of the
colors is achieved. They are very vivid.
Less polluting: No mercury or other heavy
materials. In addition, they do not have infrared
or ultraviolet radiation. Also being more efficient
produces less CO 2 .
Increased resistance: Easily resist thermal
changes, vibrations, accidental knocks and even
oscillations in a household’s electricity flow. This
means that the lights will not burn easily and there
will be no broken filaments at the slightest blow.
Great variety of designs and colors: In the
market you will find a great variety when choosing
lighting according to your needs. From strips with
lights to colored bulbs.
Reproduce the colors with great fidelity , with
a color index of 80 over 100. It also has different
shades of light (cold, warm) to fit all kinds of
environments.
Light emitting diodes, LEDs,
Disadvantages
High cost: these lamps are in the market
for a price quite higher than a conventional
lamp.
Little effectiveness in wide areas: being
address lights, are not always the best option
when lighting very large areas as traditional
lamps, with their beam of light scattered in all
directions.
Bad performance at high
temperatures: this is your biggest enemy,
from 65º led lights become ineffective or will
stop working. Both the LEDs and the
electronics of the device must be constantly
monitored.
How to Calculate Number of
Lamps And Fixtures And
Spacing in one room
Zonal Cavity Method

Required No. of Fixtures= Foot-candles x Area of room


lumens per fixture x CU x maintenance factor

Foot-candles: The desired illumination on the working plane of 1 sq.ft


lumens per fixture: (lumens per lamp) x (number of lamps in the fixture)

CU, coefficient of utilization: Expresses the efficiency of the light fixture room
combination. It is dependent on fixture efficiency, distribution of light from the
fixture, room shape, and room surface reflectance's. Light fixture manufacturers
print tables listing the CU as a function of room cavity ratio and room surface
reflectance for individual light fixture.

MF, maintenance factor: Varies from 0.85 to 0.65. the maintenance factor adjusts
the Calculation for the fact that lamps produce less light as they get older and
fixtures get dirty and reflect less light out of the fixture.
Typical coefficients of utilization
Typical coefficients of utilization
Typical coefficients of utilization
Design lighting level in foot-candles
Design lighting level in foot-candles
Spacing Between Fixtures
 Maximum Spacing Between Fixtures= Fixture Spacing Criteria x Mounting Height

Fixture Spacing Criteria: spacing to mounting height ratio ( S/ MH),


See the manufacturer's literature
Mounting Height: Distance in feet between the bottom of the
fixture and the work plane.
 Spacing Between Fixtures = Square Root of (Area in Square Feet ÷
Required No. of Fixtures)
 Number of Fixtures to be Placed in Each Row (Nrow) = Room
Length ÷ Spacing

 Number of Fixtures to be Placed in Each Column (Ncolumn) = Room


Width ÷ Spacing

 For the above two formulas, round results to the nearest whole
integer.
Example
Problem
Do lighting design of a 20ft x 30ft class room with desk height or work plane of
2.5ft and ceiling height of 9ft. Use 2 x 4 lay in floor, lights with 4-32 watt lamps
Assume reflectance of: ceiling= 80%, walls=50%, and floors= 40%.

20ft

30ft
Solution

1. No. of Fixtures= Foot-candles( FC ) x Area of room


lumens per fixture x CU x maintenance factor

Where,FC= desired light level, select 75 FC


A= Area of room = 20 x 30 = 600 sq.ft
Lum./ fix. = assume 80 lum/watt x 32 watts x 4 lamps= 10240 lum./ fix.
CU= from typical CUs at floor, 2x4, select 0.6
MF= select 0.8

= 75 x 600
10240 x 0.6 x 0.8

= 9.15, say 9 fixtures


2. Spacing= Fixture Spacing Criteria x Mounting Height

Where, Fixture Spacing Criteria, for direct floor = 1.5


Mounting Height= 9-2.5= 6.5
Spacing= 1.5 x 6.5ft = 9.75, say 10ft

3. Lay out
4ft

4ft
5ft 10ft 10ft 5ft
4ft

2 x4 floor fix.
4ft

4ft
E
N
D
Thank you
ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of ARCHITECTURE

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