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Fluorescent Lamps

This document discusses different types of lighting sources, including their operation, advantages, and disadvantages. It covers incandescent lamps, which produce light and heat but are inefficient. Fluorescent lamps are more efficient and have a longer life, using phosphors and a ballast to produce visible light from ultraviolet light. High intensity discharge (HID) lamps like mercury vapor and metal halide lamps are also discussed, and have become more widely used due to their high efficiency and improved color rendering.

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Hassan Abdo
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36 views

Fluorescent Lamps

This document discusses different types of lighting sources, including their operation, advantages, and disadvantages. It covers incandescent lamps, which produce light and heat but are inefficient. Fluorescent lamps are more efficient and have a longer life, using phosphors and a ballast to produce visible light from ultraviolet light. High intensity discharge (HID) lamps like mercury vapor and metal halide lamps are also discussed, and have become more widely used due to their high efficiency and improved color rendering.

Uploaded by

Hassan Abdo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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produce light ; the remainder is heat.

Therefore, incandescent
sources are a poor choice from an energy conservation point
of view. Efficiency increases with larger sizes, varying from
about 8% for 25 watt lamps to 13% for a 1000 watt lamp .

The principal advantages of incandescent lamps are


low
cost, instant starting, cheap dimming , good warm colour
which is flattering to the skin, and small size. This last item
allows the incandescent lamp to be used as almost a point
source in fixtures that focuses the light .

The incandescent sources have a relatively short useful


life, and this life is vary to voltage . At 10% over voltage , life
are reduced about 75% . This means that for a nominal 1000
hour life lamp, a swing of 10% in voltage either way can
change lamp life from 3500 to 250 hours. Lamps operated at
. rated voltage give maximum efficiency

Reflector & Projector lamps have built-in beam control


and really require only a lampholder and not a fixture . Refer
to the catalog of any major lamp manufacturer for complete
details of sizes and ratings of all incandescent lamps .

* Fluorescent Lamps :
The fluorescent lamp is commonly used. It has hundreds
of sizes, wattage, colors, voltages and specific application
1

designs . The typical fluorescent lamp is a hot cathode type ,


consisting of a sealed glass tube containing a mixture of inert
gas and mercury vapor . The cathode causes a mercury arc to
form inside the tube. This arc produces ultraviolet (UV) light
which is not visible to the naked eye. The UV light strikes the
phosphors coating that is inside of the tube which will
fluoresce, producing visible light. By changing the type of
phosphors , the lamp color , output can be controlled . The
florescent lamp requires a ballast in its circuit. Its purpose it
to limit the current in the circuit without the ballast the lamp
would draw excessive current, and the fuse or circuit breaker
would open . The lamp also consists of a starter which acts as
a switch .
* The Life of Fluorescent Lamps :
Fluorescent lamps have outstandingly long life . This life
, however is affected by the number of times the lamp is turned
on and off , since switching tends to wear out the cathode . An
average fluorescent lamp burned continuously will last about
30,000 hours ; with 3 burning hours per start, it will last about
12,000 hours . Most users replace lamps when they reach
about 75% of burnout life because the light output has
dropped at that point to about two third
* Advantages of Fluorescent Lamp :
The efficiency of the fluorescent lamp is much higher
than that of an incandescent lamp . Between 16 and 20% of
2

the input energy becomes visible light, with the remainder


being converted to heat , it produces 2-4 times as much light
as ordinary incandescent lamp .

Being more efficient , it produces much less heat


which is
important when a large amount of power is used for lighting ,
Especially if the lighted area is air-conditioned .

Another major advantage is that the fluorescent


lamp
being of relatively large size , has relatively low surface
brightness .
*Power Factor of Fluorescent Lamp :
Ordinary incandescent lamps have a power factor of
100% . A single fluorescent lamp connected to a circuit has a
power factor of somewhere between 50 and 65% to improve
power factor . The common method is to have either 2 or 4
lamps per fixture and in addition to the usual ballast , to use
power factor correction devices built in the same case with the
ballast , which bring the power factor up to about 90% or
higher .

* The HID Lamps :


The general name of high intensity discharge (HID)
source is now used to cover a number of lamp sources . Just a
few years ago , the only lamps in this field were the low
3

pressure sodium lamp and the mercury vapour lamp . Today ,


HID includes mercury , metal halide and sodium sources . The
HID sources have become very important because of there
high efficiency , and they are now used indoors . The poor
color that had restricted mercury use to parking lot of the
lighting has been corrected . The metal halide source whose
color is inherently good was initially thought to be unsuitable
for indoor use has also moved inside .
Sodium lamps are finding wide acceptance in highceilings spaces like banks, and lobbies . In combination with
other sources , sodium is also used in indoor sports areas and

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