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    1.1 - Universe

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    apolloquiver

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    1.1 - Universe

    Uploaded by

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    7 views46 pages

    1.1 - Universe

    Uploaded by

    apolloquiver

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 46

    EARTH SCIENCE

    THE UNIVERSE
    AND THE SOLAR
    SYSTEM 1
    PREPARED BY ENGR. ROGIN PAUL IAN G. GOPEZ
    UNIVERSE
    I. STRUCTURE,
    COMPOSITION,
    AND AGE
    • Baryonic matter is an ordinary matter
    consisting of protons, neutrons, electrons.
    • Dark matter is a matter that has gravity
    but does not emit light.
    • Dark energy is a source of anti-gravity
    • Hydrogen, helium and lithium are the most
    abundant elements.
    STELLAR EVOLUTION
    • Protostar is an
    early stage of a
    star resulting from
    the gravitational
    collapse of gases.
    STELLAR EVOLUTION
    • Thermonuclear
    reaction is a nuclear
    fusion reaction
    responsible for the
    energy produced by
    stars.
    STELLAR EVOLUTION
    • Main Sequence
    Stars are stars that
    fuse hydrogen atoms
    to form helium atoms
    in their cores; outward
    pressure resulting from
    nuclear fusion is
    balanced by
    gravitational forces.
    STELLAR EVOLUTION
    • Planetary Nebula – a
    ring-shaped nebula
    formed by an
    expanding shell of
    gas around an aging
    star
    • White Dwarf – what
    stars become after they
    have exhausted their
    nuclear fuel
    STELLAR EVOLUTION
    • Neutron Star – a celestial
    object of very small
    radius and very high
    density, composed
    predominantly of closely
    packed neutrons
    • Black Hole – a region of
    space having a
    gravitational field so
    intense that no matter or
    radiation can escape
    LIGHT-YEAR

    • Light-year is the
    distance light can
    travel in a year.
    • Clusters of billion of stars and
    clusters of galaxies form
    superclusters.
    • This organization of matter in the
    universe suggests that it is indeed
    clumpy at a certain scale.
    • But at a large scale, it appears
    homogeneous and isotropic.
    • Universe is 13.8 billion years old
    • Its diameter is infinite (91 billion light years)
    • Its density is 4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3

    • How do astronomers estimate the age of the


    universe?
    HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
    II. EXPANDING
    UNIVERSE
    • Edwin Hubble proved that the
    universe is expanding.
    • He proved that there is a
    direct relationship between
    the speeds of distant
    galaxies and their distances
    from Earth (lately known as
    Hubble’s Law)
    • He announced his significant
    discovery of “red-shift”.
    HUBBLE’S LAW
    • The dominant motion in the universe is the
    smooth expansion known as the Hubble’s
    Law.
    • “The distant galaxies we see in all
    directions are moving away from the
    Earth.”
    • "Will it always expand?"
    RED SHIFT PHENOMENON
    • Red shift is increase in wavelength, decreased
    in frequency and moving away.
    • Blue shift is decreased in wavelength,
    increased in frequency and moving closer
    III. COSMIC
    MICROWAVE
    BACKGROUND
    • CMB is literally the remnant heat left over
    from the Big Bang.
    • Arno Penzias and Robert W. Wilson in 1964
    using WMAP spacecraft
    WMAP- WILKINSON
    MICROWAVE ANISOTROPHY
    PROBE
    • It was launched on June
    30, 2001 and
    positioned in the L2
    (Lagrangian point)

    • It is used to measure
    temperature differences
    across the sky.
    COSMIC MICROWAVE
    BACKGROUND
    • A very uniform glow of microwaves emitted
    by the infant universe more than 13 billion
    years ago.
    • According to inflation theory, these
    irregularities were the "seeds" that became
    the galaxies.
    ORIGINS OF
    THE
    UNIVERSE
    I. NON-
    SCIENTIFIC
    THOUGHT
    ANCIENT EGYPT
    CENTRAL AFRICA
    • People of Kuba in Central Africa – creator
    god Mbombo
    INDIA
    CREATION STORY
    • Book of Genesis
    II. SCIENTIFIC
    THEORIES
    STEADY STATE MODEL
    • It is a theory suggesting that he universe is
    always expanding in a constant average
    density.
    • 1948 - Fred Holye, Herman Bondi and
    Thomas Gold
    BIG BANG THEORY
    • The universe is 13.8 billion years old and
    started from a tiny dense and hot mass to
    its presence size and much cooler state.
    BIG BANG THEORY
    GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
    • Gravity is thought of as a
    distortion of space-time.
    • An object with mass can
    “curve” space and create
    an orbit so nearby objects
    can follow that path.
    • Gravity was just a natural
    outcome of a mass’s
    existence in space.
    COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE
    • On large scales (greater than 10
    Mpc), the Universe is homogeneous
    and isotropic.
    • The Earth is not at a preferred place
    (Copernican Principle)
    • Homogeneous – every point is
    equivalent
    • Isotropic – every direction is
    equivalent

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