Structured Query Language Prepared By: Reema Agrawal Asst Professor Meri

Structured Query Language
Prepared By:
Reema Agrawal
Asst Professor
MERI
SQL
Structured Query language is a language that
provides an interface to database systems.
SQL was developed by IBM in 1970.

Features Of SQL:
SQL can be used by a range of users,
including those with little or no programming
experience.
It reduces the amount of time required for
creating and maintaining systems.
It is an English like language.
Data types:
SQL data type is an attribute that specifies
type of data of any object.
 Each column, variable and expression has

related data type in SQL.
These are of several forms and sizes

Data types:
Char- Maximum length of 255 characters.
Alphabets only.
Varchar- Maximum of 8,000 characters.

Alphanumeric
Int- Numeric and negative
Float- Numeric, decimal and negative integers

Number- It is of floating type. Number (P,S). P-
determines the maximum length of the data.
S- Number of places to the right of the decimal.
CREATE DATABASE
Create DATABASE databasename;
The CREATE TABLE command
The CREATE TABLE command defines each
column of the table uniquely.
Each column has a minimum of three
attributes – a name, datatype and size.
Each table column definition is separated
from the other by a comma.
Finally, the SQL statement is terminated with
a semi colon.
The CREATE TABLE command
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_name1 data_type(size),
....
);
Inserting Data Into Tables
Once a table is created, the most natural
thing to do is load this table with data to be
manipulated later.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO <tablename> values
(<‘expression 1’>, <‘expression2’>);
For specific columns:
INSERT INTO <tablename>
(<columnname1>, <columnname2>)
values (<‘expression 1’>, <‘expression2’>);
Table Name: Employee
Emp_ID Name Designatio Location Salary
n
A10141 Ajay Manager Delhi 75000
A10142 Rahul Executive Delhi 55000
A10143 Shruti Manager Bangalore 80000
A10144 Lokesh VP Bangalore 100000
A10145 Tripti Sales Mumbai 40000
Table Name: Student
Student_R Name Course Location Total
oll No Marks
10126734 Rahul BBA Delhi 500
10117834 Tarun BBA Delhi 586
10128734 Shruti MBA Delhi 540
10118834 Lalit BCA Delhi 523
10126834 Ajay BBA Delhi 596
10118934 Parul MBA Delhi 561
Viewing Data In the Tables:
Once the data has been inserted into a table,
the next logical operation would be to view
what has been inserted.
The SELECT command is used to retrieve

rows selected from one or more tables.
To view the whole table

Selected columns and all rows
Selected rows and all columns
Selected columns and selected rows
To view the whole table:
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM <tablename>;
• To view selected columns and all rows

Syntax:
SELECT <columnname1>, <columnname2>
FROM <tablename>;
Selected rows and all columns
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM <tablename> WHERE
<condition>;
• Selected rows and selected columns

Syntax:
SELECT <columnname1>, <columnname2>
FROM <Tablename> WHERE <condition> ;
Eliminating Duplicate Rows
Specific columns
SELECT DISTINCT <columnname1>,
<columnname2> from <tablename>;
Entire rows
SELECT DISTINCT * from <tablename>;
Sorting Data In a table
The rows retrieved from the table will be
sorted in either ascending or descending
order depending on the condition specified in
the SELECT sentence.
Syntax:
Select * from <Tablename> order by
<columnname1>;
Select * from <Tablename> order by

<columnname1>desc;
DELETE OPERATION
The DELETE in SQL is used to remove either
all the rows from a table or a set of rows of a
table.
All the rows:

Syntax:
DELETE FROM <TableName>;
• A set of rows from table:
Syntax:
DELETE FROM <TableName> WHERE
<condition>;
ALTER TABLE
Adding new columns
ALTER TABLE <tablename>
ADD(<newcolumnname><datatype> (<size>),
<newcolumnname><datatype> (<size>));
Dropping column
ALTER TABLE <tablename> DROP COLUMN
<columnname>;
Modifying columns
ALTER TABLE <tablename> MODIFY
(<columnname>
<Newdatatype>(<Newsize>));
Updating The contents Of a table:
The UPDATE command is used to change or
modify data values in a table.
All the rows:

UPDATE <TableName> SET
<columnname1>=<expression1>,
<columnname2>=<expression2>;
• A selected set of rows

UPDATE <TableName> SET
<columnname1>=<expression1>,
<columnname2>=<expression2> where
<condition>;
Renaming, Truncating And
Dropping Tables:
Renaming tables:
RENAME <TableName> to
<NewTableName>;
• Truncating tables:
TRUNCATE TABLE <TableName>;
• Dropping tables:
DROP TABLE <TableName>;
Some Queries:
SELECT * FROM student WHERE name LIKE
'%John%‘ (with either first or last name as JOHN)
SELECT * FROM student WHERE name LIKE 'John
%‘ (with first name JOHN)
SELECT * FROM student WHERE name LIKE
'%John‘ (with last name JOHN)
SELECT * FROM student WHERE name LIKE '%a
%' AND name LIKE '%e%‘ (with either first
alphabet as a or e)

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Structured Query Language

SQL was developed by IBM in 1970.

 Each column, variable and expression has

These are of several forms and sizes

Varchar- Maximum of 8,000 characters.

Int- Numeric and negative

Float- Numeric, decimal and negative integers

CREATE TABLE table_name

The SELECT command is used to retrieve

To view the whole table

• To view selected columns and all rows

• Selected rows and selected columns

Select * from <Tablename> order by

All the rows:

All the rows:

• A selected set of rows

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