UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS

ADVANCED SOLID STATE

PHYSICS
TO STUDY THE VARIATION OF
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT WITH THE
BY GROUP 4 :
TEMPERATUREGUIDED BY :
AMIT KUMAR GOND PROF. BINAY KUMAR
VISHAL TETE PROF. SHYAMA RATH
PROF. AMOL SINGH
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
 What is the Dielectric
Constant ?
• The dielectric constant is a measure of a material's ability
to store electrical energy in an electric field relative to
the ability of a vacuum to store that energy.

• It describes how much an electric field is reduced within

a material compared to a vacuum.
 What is the Dielectric Constant ?
• It is a dimensionless number that represents the ratio of the
permittivity of a substance ( ε ) to the permittivity of free space
( εo ) :

Dielectric Constant ( κ ) = ε/​εo​

where,

Permittivity (ε) : A measure of how much electric field (or electric flux) is
"permitted" or can pass through a material.

Permittivity of Free Space (εo​) : A constant value representing the

permittivity in a vacuum, approximately 8.854×10−12 F/m (farads per
meter).
How is the Dielectric Constant Measured?
PZT ( Lead Zirconate
Titanate )
STRUCTURE OF PZT
Properties of
PZT
Characteristics of
PZT
What are the Factor Affecting PZT ?
mparison of PZT with other Dielectric materia
mparison of PZT with other Dielectric materia
mparison of PZT with other Dielectric materia
mparison of PZT with other Dielectric materia
mparison of PZT with other Dielectric materia
mparison of PZT with other Dielectric materia
PID controller
Apparatus

PV

sp

TIME = (t)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PID CONTROLLER
PID controller
PID controller
Procedure
SL NO
Observation Table For Heating
TEMPERATURE (°C) CAPACITANCE(PF) DIELECTRIC CONSTANT(Є) SL NO TEMPERATURE (°C) CAPACITANCE (PF) DIELECTRIC CONSTANT(Є)
1 35 480 1702.731465 30 320 5010 17772.25967
2 40 485 1720.468251 31 330 4880 17311.10323
3 50 507 1798.51011 32 340 4400 15608.37176
4 60 525 1862.36254 33 350 3780 13409.01029
5 70 548 1943.951756 34 360 3160 11209.64881
6 80 576 2043.277758 35 370 2600 9223.128769
7 90 602 2135.509046 36 380 2110 7484.923732
8 100 629 2231.287691 37 390 1710 6065.980844
9 110 650 2305.782192 38 400 1410 5001.773679
10 120 682 2419.297623 39 410 1180 4185.881518
11 130 722 2561.191912 40 420 1020 3618.304363
12 140 750 2660.517914 41 430 890 3157.147925
13 150 790 2802.412203 42 440 783 2777.580702
14 160 840 2979.780064 43 450 695 2465.413267
15 170 874 3100.390209 44 460 624 2213.550905
16 180 932 3306.136928 45 470 565 2004.256829
17 190 980 3476.410074 46 480 510 1809.152182
18 200 1058 3753.103938 47 490 464 1645.97375
19 210 1130 4008.513657 48 500 427 1514.721532
20 220 1206 4278.112806 49 510 390 1383.469315
21 230 1316 4668.3221 50 520 353 1252.217098
22 240 1332 4725.079816 51 530 332 1177.722597
23 250 1576 5590.634977 52 540 292 1035.828308
24 260 1753 6218.517205 53 550 261 925.8602341
25 270 1980 7023.767293 54 560 231 819.4395176
26 280 2200 7804.185882 55 570 205 727.2082299
27 290 2640 9365.023058 56 580 180 638.5242994
28 300 3430 12167.43526 57 590 155 549.8403689
29 310 4500 15963.10748 58 600 141 500.1773679
 Graph For Heating
dielectric constant(€) Vs Temperature (⁰c) (HEATING)
20000

18000

16000

14000
Dielectric Constant (€)

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Temperature (⁰C)
Observation Table For Heating(DERIVATIVE)
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE DIELECTRC TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE DIELECTRIC
SL NO dE/Dt SL .NO dE/dT
(t) (AVERAGE) CONSTANT (t) (AVERAGE) CONSTANT
1 35 37.5 1702.7315 3.547357 30 320 325 17772.25967 -46.1156
2 40 45 1720.4683 7.804186 31 330 335 17311.10323 -170.273
3 50 55 1798.5101 6.385243 32 340 345 15608.37176 -219.936
4 60 65 1862.3625 8.158922 33 350 355 13409.01029 -219.936
5 70 75 1943.9518 9.9326 34 360 365 11209.64881 -198.652
6 80 85 2043.2778 9.223129 35 370 375 9223.128769 -173.821
7 90 95 2135.509 9.577864 36 380 385 7484.923732 -141.894
8 100 105 2231.2877 7.44945 37 390 395 6065.980844 -106.421
9 110 115 2305.7822 11.35154 38 400 405 5001.773679 -81.5892
10 120 125 2419.2976 14.18943 39 410 415 4185.881518 -56.7577
11 130 135 2561.1919 9.9326 40 420 425 3618.304363 -46.1156
12 140 145 2660.5179 14.18943 41 430 435 3157.147925 -37.9567
13 150 155 2802.4122 17.73679 42 440 445 2777.580702 -31.2167
14 160 165 2979.7801 12.06101 43 450 455 2465.413267 -25.1862
15 170 175 3100.3902 20.57467 44 460 465 2213.550905 -20.9294
16 180 185 3306.1369 17.02731 45 470 475 2004.256829 -19.5105
17 190 195 3476.4101 27.66939 46 480 485 1809.152182 -16.3178
18 200 205 3753.1039 25.54097 47 490 495 1645.97375 -13.1252
19 210 215 4008.5137 26.95991 48 500 505 1514.721532 -13.1252
20 220 225 4278.1128 39.02093 49 510 515 1383.469315 -13.1252
21 230 235 4668.3221 5.675772 50 520 525 1252.217098 -7.44945
22 240 245 4725.0798 86.55552 51 530 535 1177.722597 -14.1894
23 250 255 5590.635 62.78822 52 540 545 1035.828308 -10.9968
24 260 265 6218.5172 80.52501 53 550 555 925.8602341 -10.6421
25 270 275 7023.7673 78.04186 54 560 565 819.4395176 -9.22313
26 280 285 7804.1859 156.0837 55 570 575 727.2082299 -8.86839
27 290 295 9365.0231 280.2412 56 580 585 638.5242994 -8.86839
28 300 305 12167.435 379.5672 57 590 595 549.8403689 -4.9663
29 310 315 15963.107 180.9152 58 600 605 500.1773679 0.833629
 (dE/dT) VS TEMPERATURE T (FOR HEATING)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
(dE/dT)

50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300

TEMPERATURE (T)
Calculation
Observation Table For Cooling
SL NO TEMPERATURE (°C) CAPACITANCE(PF) dielectric constant(€) (COOLING)
1 500 459 1628.236963
2 490 485 1720.468251
3 480 536 1901.383469
4 470 590 2092.940759
5 460 650 2305.782192
6 450 666 2362.539908
7 440 728 2582.476055
8 430 806 2859.169918
9 420 890 3157.147925
10 410 1004 3561.546648
11 400 1107 3926.924441
12 390 1252 4441.291238
13 380 1395 4948.56332
14 370 1592 5647.392692
15 360 1623 5757.360766
16 350 1781 6317.843207
17 340 1720 6101.454416
18 330 1563 5544.519333
19 320 1465 5196.878326
20 310 1370 4859.87939
21 300 1010 3582.830791
22 290 760 2695.991486
23 280 710 2518.623625
24 270 520 1844.625754
25 260 386 1369.279886
26 250 340 1206.101454
27 240 306 1085.491309
28 230 240 851.3657325
29 220 225 798.1553742
30 210 216 766.2291593
 Graph for Cooling
dielectric constant(€) Vs Temperature (⁰c) (COOLING)
7000

6000

5000
dielectric constant(€)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (⁰c)
Observation Table For Cooling(derivative)
TEMPERATUR TEMPERATURE DIELECTRC TEMPERATUR TEMPERATUR DIELECTRC
SL NO dE/dT SL NO dE/DT
E(t) (AVERAGE) CONSTANT E(t) E(AVERAGE) CONSTANT
1 490 495 1628.236963 -9.223 16 340 345 6317.8432 21.63888
2 480 485 1720.468251 -18.09 17 330 335 6101.4544 55.69351
3 470 475 1901.383469 -19.16 18 320 325 5544.5193 34.7641
4 460 465 2092.940759 -21.28 19 310 315 5196.8783 33.69989
5 450 455 2305.782192 -5.676 20 300 305 4859.8794 127.7049
6 440 445 2362.539908 -21.99 21 290 295 3582.8308 88.68393
7 430 435 2582.476055 -27.67 22 280 285 2695.9915 17.73679
8 420 425 2859.169918 -29.8 23 270 275 2518.6236 67.39979
9 410 415 3157.147925 -40.44 24 260 265 1844.6258 47.53459
10 400 405 3561.546648 -36.54 25 250 255 1369.2799 16.31784
11 390 395 3926.924441 -51.44 26 240 245 1206.1015 12.06101
12 380 385 4441.291238 -50.73 27 230 235 1085.4913 23.41256
13 370 375 4948.56332 -69.88 28 220 225 851.36573 5.321036
14 360 365 5647.392692 -11
29 210 215 798.15537 3.192621
15 350 355 5757.360766 -56.05
 (dE/dT) VS TEMPERATURE (FOR COOLING)

150

100

50
(dE/dT)

0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

-50

-100
TEMPERATure (t)
Calculation
Comparison of Graphs of Heating and Cooling
dielectric constant(€) Vs Temperature (⁰c) (HEATING AND COOLING)

20000

18000 dielectric constant(€) (HEATING)

16000 dielectric constant(€) (COOLING)

14000
dielectric constant(€)

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

dielectric constant(€) Vs Temperature (⁰c) (COOLING AND HEATING)

 Comparison of Graphs of Heating and Cooling
(dE/dT) VS TEMPERATURE (FOR HEATING AND COOLING)

500

400

300

200
(dE/dT)

100

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

-100

-200

-300
TEMPERATURE (average)

(dE/dT) (heating) (dE/dT) (cooling)

Comparison of Graphs of Heating and Cooling
Comparison of Graphs of Heating and Cooling
Result
Precaution and Source of Error
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
THANK YOU.....