Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
Reflect on the following questions:

● What is easy for a human to do but not a computer?
● What is easier for a computer to do than a human?
● What is meant by the term human intelligence?
● What is meant by the term artificial intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence
AI - involves agents, devices or systems that adapt to perform
tasks (or appear to do so) that once required the cognitive and
creative processes of human beings.
Alright, imagine you have a very smart robot friend. This robot
friend can learn and understand things, just like you do. It can see,
hear, and read, and it can use that information to help with different
tasks.
Now, imagine this robot friend is like a superhero with super-fast
thinking powers. It can solve problems, play games, and even help
people with their work. But here's the cool part – the more it learns
and practices, the better it gets at doing things.
That's kind of like what we call Artificial Intelligence, or AI for short.
It's like having a clever robot friend that can learn and be really
helpful!
OpenAI. "ChatGPT Response." February 2, 2024.

Turing Test
The Turing Test is a way to see if a computer can talk or communicate in
a way that is indistinguishable from a human. It was proposed by the
mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing.
In the test, a person interacts with both a computer and a human

without knowing which is which. If the person can't reliably tell which
one is the computer based on the conversation, then the computer is
said to have passed the Turing Test. Essentially, it measures how well a
machine can mimic human conversation and behavior.
CAPTCHA
CAPTCHA stands for "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell
Computers and Humans Apart." It is a security feature used on websites and online
forms to ensure that the user is a human and not a computer program attempting to
perform automated actions, such as submitting forms or creating accounts.
The typical CAPTCHA involves presenting the user with a challenge that is easy for
humans to solve but difficult for automated bots. This challenge often takes the form
of distorted text, images, or puzzles that require human perception and reasoning
skills to decipher. Examples include typing in distorted letters or numbers, selecting
specific images from a grid, or solving simple math problems.
By requiring users to complete a CAPTCHA, websites can reduce the risk of automated
bots performing malicious activities, such as spamming, creating fake accounts, or
attempting to exploit vulnerabilities. CAPTCHAs play a crucial role in enhancing online
security and protecting the integrity of various online services.
Types of AI
Weak or Narrow AI - limited function, perform a specific task
● Netflix recommendation system
● Chess programs
● Google Search
● Siri and Alexa
● Facial Recognition
Can discover patterns in Big Data

Domain Specific AI
● AI that can detect cancer better than human doctors
● AlphaGo AI
Strong AI - develop consciousness and make decisions better than humans
Super AI- surpasses human intelligence

AI singularity
The concept of the "AI singularity" refers to a hypothetical point in the future when
artificial intelligence (AI) becomes so advanced and capable that it surpasses human
intelligence across all domains. It is often associated with the idea that AI systems
could improve and redesign themselves at an accelerating rate, leading to an
intelligence explosion.
It's important to note that the concept of the AI singularity is speculative and has
generated both excitement and concern within the scientific and technological
communities. Many experts emphasize the need for careful research, ethical
considerations, and safety measures in the development of artificial intelligence to
ensure that its impact aligns with human values and objectives. As of my last
knowledge update in January 2022, the realization of the AI singularity remains a topic
of debate and speculation rather than a concrete prediction.
Expert System
Expert System - A Computer system that acts like a human expert in a specific
subject area.
Knowledge Base - Facts and rules in an expert system.
Inference Engine - The part of an expert systems that uses programmed rules to
interpret and evaluate the facts in the knowledge base.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Neural Networks, and Deep Learning are often used interchangeably, but they refer
to different concepts:
Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is a broad field of computer science that aims to create systems or machines capable of performing tasks that would
typically require human intelligence. These tasks include perception, reasoning, learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI encompasses
various subfields, including ML, natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, and expert systems.
Machine Learning (ML): ML is a subset of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms and statistical models that enable computers to perform
tasks without being explicitly programmed. Instead of relying on explicit instructions, ML algorithms learn from data, identify patterns, and make
decisions or predictions. ML techniques include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and semi-supervised learning.
Neural Networks: Neural networks are a computational model inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. They consist of
interconnected nodes, or "neurons," organized in layers. Each neuron receives input, processes it using an activation function, and passes the output
to the next layer. Neural networks can learn complex patterns and relationships from data. They have various architectures, including feedforward
neural networks, recurrent neural networks (RNNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and more.
Deep Learning: Deep learning is a subfield of ML that focuses on neural networks with many layers (hence "deep"). These deep neural networks
(DNNs) are capable of learning intricate representations of data. Deep learning has gained prominence due to its ability to automatically extract
relevant features from raw data, eliminating the need for manual feature engineering. It has achieved remarkable success in various domains,
including image recognition, speech recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous driving.
In summary, AI is the broader concept of creating intelligent systems, ML is a subset of AI that focuses on learning from data, neural networks are
computational models inspired by the brain, and deep learning is a specific type of ML that utilizes deep neural networks to learn intricate
representations of data.
Machine Learning
Machine Learning (ML): ML is a subset of AI that focuses on the development of

algorithms and statistical models that enable computers to perform tasks without
being explicitly programmed. Instead of relying on explicit instructions, ML
algorithms learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions or predictions.
ML techniques include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement
learning, and semi-supervised learning.
Key Elements of Machine Learning
● It needs a set of good data (training data)
● It uses algorithms to look at the data and understand it
● Data is input into the algorithm to make a prediction
● The prediction is then evaluated and, if inaccurate, this data is fed back into
the system to update the model/algorithm.
Types of Machine learning
● Supervised - spam filters, fraud detection and handwriting recognition
● Unsupervised - social networking analysis and market segmentation
● Reinforced - autonomous vehicles, predictive maintenance, games and
robotics
● Deep Learning - facial recognition, image recognition, natural language
processing and speech recognition
Additional Key Terms:
● Pattern Recognition - observed physical or mathematical patterns
● Data Analytics - stock market forecasting
● Natural Language Processing - convert unstructured data to structured data
ready for analysis; example analysing surveys or customer call notes.
○ Plagiarism detection
○ Text generation for chatbots
○ Text translation
○ Text correction
● Image Recognition
● Voice and Sound Recognition
● Sentiment Analysis
Uses of artificial neural networks
Neural networks are a computational model inspired by the

structure and function of the human brain. They consist of
interconnected nodes, or "neurons," organized in layers. Each
neuron receives input, processes it using an activation function, and
passes the output to the next layer. Neural networks can learn
complex patterns and relationships from data.
Key advantages of neural networks
1. They can learn and model non-linear and complex relationships.
2. They can generalise and infer relationships from unseen data.
3. They do not impose a restriction on the input variable.
Evolution of AI
AI Dilemmas
● Fairness and Bias
● Accountability in design and use
● Transparency in design and use
● AI’s carbon footprint
● Uneven and underdeveloped laws, regulations and governance
● Automation and displacement of humans in multiple contexts and roles

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Artificial Intelligence

Reflect on the following questions:

OpenAI. "ChatGPT Response." February 2, 2024.

In the test, a person interacts with both a computer and a human

Can discover patterns in Big Data

Strong AI - develop consciousness and make decisions better than humans

Super AI- surpasses human intelligence

Knowledge Base - Facts and rules in an expert system.

Machine Learning (ML): ML is a subset of AI that focuses on the development of

Neural networks are a computational model inspired by the

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