What Is Artificial Intelligence

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?
Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,

especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural
language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.
How does AI work?

As the hype around AI has accelerated, vendors have been scrambling to promote how
their products and services use AI. Often what they refer to as AI is simply one
component of AI, such as machine learning. AI requires a foundation of specialized
hardware and software for writing and training machine learning algorithms.In general,
AI systems work by ingesting large amounts of labeled training data, analyzing the data
for correlations and patterns, and using these patterns to make predictions about future
states. In this way, a chatbot that is fed examples of text chats can learn to AI
programming focuses on three cognitive skills: learning, reasoning and selfcorrection.
Learning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring data and

creating rules for how to turn the data into actionable information. The rules, which are
called algorithms, provide computing devices with step-by-step instructions for how to
complete a specific task.
Reasoning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing the right

algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
Self-correction processes. This aspect of AI programming is designed to continually

fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the most accurate results possible.
Why is artificial intelligence important?

AI is important because it can give enterprises insights into their operations that they
may not have been aware of previously and because, in some cases, AI can perform
tasks better than humans. Particularly when it comes to repetitive, detail-oriented tasks
like analyzing large numbers of legal documents to ensure relevant fields are filled in
properly, AI tools often complete jobs quickly and with relatively few errors.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence?

Advantages
• Good at detail-oriented jobs;
• Reduced time for data-heavy tasks;

• Delivers consistent results; and
• AI-powered virtual agents are always available.
Disadvantages
• Expensive;
• Requires deep technical expertise;
• Limited supply of qualified workers to build AI tools;
• Only knows what it's been shown; and
• Lack of ability to generalize from one task to another.

Strong AI vs. weak AI
• Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and
trained to complete a specific task. Industrial robots and virtual personal
assistants, such as Apple's Siri, use weak AI.
• Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), describes

programming that can replicate the cognitive abilities of the human brain.
When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system can use fuzzy
logic to apply knowledge from one domain to another and find a solution
autonomously. In theory, a strong AI program should be able to pass both a
Turing Test and the Chinese room test.
What are the 4 types of artificial intelligence?

AI can be categorized into four types,
Type 1: Reactive machines. These AI systems have no memory and are task specific. An
example is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov in the 1990s.
Deep Blue can identify pieces on the chessboard and make predictions, but because it
has no memory, it cannot use past experiences to inform future ones.
• Type 2: Limited memory. These AI systems have memory, so they can use
past experiences to inform future decisions. Some of the decision-making
functions in self-driving cars are designed this way.
• Type 3: Theory of mind. Theory of mind is a psychology term. When applied

to AI, it means that the system would have the social intelligence to
understand emotions. This type of AI will be able to infer human intentions
and predict behavior, a necessary skill for AI systems to become integral
members of human teams.
• Type 4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems have a sense of self,

which gives them consciousness. Machines with self-awareness understand
their own current state. This type of AI does not yet exist.
What are examples of AI technology and how is it used today?

• Automation. When paired with AI technologies, automation tools can expand
the volume and types of tasks performed. An example is robotic process
automation (RPA), a type of software that automates repetitive, rules-based
data processing tasks traditionally done by humans. When combined with
machine learning and emerging AI tools, RPA can automate bigger portions of
enterprise jobs
• Machine learning. This is the science of getting a computer to act without

programming. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that, in very
simple terms, can be thought of as the automation of predictive analytics.
There are three types of machine learning algorithms:
o Supervised learning. Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be

detected and used to label new data sets.
o Unsupervised learning. Data sets aren't labeled and are sorted

according to similarities or differences.
o Reinforcement learning. Data sets aren't labeled but, after

performing an action or several actions, the AI system is given
feedback.
• Machine vision. This technology gives a machine the ability to see. Machine
vision captures and analyzes visual information using a camera, analog-
todigital conversion and digital signal processing. It is often compared to
human eyesight, but machine vision isn't bound by biology and can be
programmed to see through walls. Computer vision, which is focused on
machine-based image processing, is often conflated with machine vision.
• Natural language processing (NLP). This is the processing of human language

by a computer program. One of the older and best-known examples of NLP is
spam detection, which looks at the subject line and text of an email and
decides if it's junk. Current approaches to NLP are based on machine learning.
NLP tasks include text translation, sentiment analysis and speech recognition.
• Robotics. This field of engineering focuses on the design and manufacturing
of robots. Robots are often used to perform tasks that are difficult for humans
to perform or perform consistently. For example, robots are used in assembly
lines for car production or by NASA to move large objects in space.
Researchers are also using machine learning to build robots that can interact
in social settings.
• Self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles use a combination of computer vision,

image recognition and deep learning to build automated skill at piloting a
vehicle while staying in a given lane and avoiding unexpected obstructions,
such as pedestrians.
What are the applications of AI?
Artificial intelligence has made its way into a wide variety of markets. Here are nine
examples.
AI in healthcare. The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and reducing
costs. Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses
than humans. One of the best-known healthcare technologies is IBM Watson. It
understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The system
mines patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then
presents with a confidence scoring schema. Other AI applications include using online
virtual health assistants and chatbots to help patients and healthcare customers find
medical information, schedule appointments, understand the billing process and
complete other administrative processes. An array of AI technologies is also being used
to predict, fight and understand pandemics such as COVID-19.
AI in business. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and
customer relationship management (CRM) platforms to uncover information on how to
better serve customers. Chatbots have been incorporated into websites to provide
immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become a talking
point among academics and IT analysts.
AI in education. AI can automate grading, giving educators more time. It can assess
students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can
provide additional support to students, ensuring they stay on track. And it could change
where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing some teachers.
AI in finance. AI in personal finance applications, such as Intuit Mint or TurboTax, is

disrupting financial institutions. Applications such as these collect personal data and
provide financial advice. Other programs, such as IBM Watson, have been applied to
the process of buying a home. Today, artificial intelligence software performs much of
the trading on Wall Street.
AI in law. The discovery process -- sifting through documents -- in law is often

overwhelming for humans. Using AI to help automate the legal industry's laborintensive
processes is saving time and improving client service. Law firms are using machine
learning to describe data and predict outcomes, computer vision to classify and extract
information from documents and natural language processing to interpret requests for
information.
AI in manufacturing. Manufacturing has been at the forefront of incorporating robots

into the workflow. For example, the industrial robots that were at one time
programmed to perform single tasks and separated from human workers, increasingly
function as cobots: Smaller, multitasking robots that collaborate with humans and take
on responsibility for more parts of the job in warehouses, factory floors and other
workspaces.
AI in banking. Banks are successfully employing chatbots to make their customers

aware of services and offerings and to handle transactions that don't require human
intervention. AI virtual assistants are being used to improve and cut the costs of
compliance with banking regulations. Banking organizations are also using AI to
improve their decision-making for loans, and to set credit limits and identify investment
opportunities.
AI in transportation. In addition to AI's fundamental role in operating autonomous

vehicles, AI technologies are used in transportation to manage traffic, predict flight
delays, and make ocean shipping safer and more efficient.
Security. AI and machine learning are at the top of the buzzword list security vendors
use today to differentiate their offerings. Those terms also represent truly viable
technologies. Organizations use machine learning in security information and event
management (SIEM) software and related areas to detect anomalies and identify
suspicious activities that indicate threats. By analyzing data and using logic to identify
similarities to known malicious code, AI can provide alerts to new and emerging attacks
much sooner than human employees and previous technology iterations. The maturing
technology is playing a big role in helping organizations fight off cyber attacks.

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What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,

How does AI work?

Learning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring data and

Reasoning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing the right

Self-correction processes. This aspect of AI programming is designed to continually

Why is artificial intelligence important?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence?

• Good at detail-oriented jobs;

• Reduced time for data-heavy tasks;

• AI-powered virtual agents are always available.

• Requires deep technical expertise;

• Limited supply of qualified workers to build AI tools;

• Only knows what it's been shown; and

• Lack of ability to generalize from one task to another.

• Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), describes

What are the 4 types of artificial intelligence?

• Type 3: Theory of mind. Theory of mind is a psychology term. When applied

• Type 4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems have a sense of self,

What are examples of AI technology and how is it used today?

• Machine learning. This is the science of getting a computer to act without

o Supervised learning. Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be

o Unsupervised learning. Data sets aren't labeled and are sorted

o Reinforcement learning. Data sets aren't labeled but, after

• Natural language processing (NLP). This is the processing of human language

• Self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles use a combination of computer vision,

AI in finance. AI in personal finance applications, such as Intuit Mint or TurboTax, is

AI in law. The discovery process -- sifting through documents -- in law is often

AI in manufacturing. Manufacturing has been at the forefront of incorporating robots

AI in banking. Banks are successfully employing chatbots to make their customers

AI in transportation. In addition to AI's fundamental role in operating autonomous

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