CHAPTER 2 RESPIRATION

SCIENCE FORM 3 KSSM

ORIGINAL TEMPLATE BY CIKGU NORAZILA

KHALID SMK ULU TIRAM

DLP VERSION BY TEACHER HAYATI

TOBIAANY SMK(P) SULTAN IBRAHIM
 2.1
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
HUMAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

 Breathing is the
process of inhaling
and exhaling air
by the lungs.
 The system in the
body that helps us
to breathe is
known as the
human
respiratory
BREATHING MECHANISM
INHALATION
 INHALATION
When you inhale,
 intercostal muscles contract
and pull the rib cage upwards
and outwards
 diaphragm muscles contract
and pull the diaphragm to
descend and become flat.
 movements of the rib cage and
diaphragm make the thoracic
cavity bigger cause air
pressure in the thoracic cavity
to decrease.
 the higher air pressure outside
forces air to enter the lungs
EXHALATION
 EXHALATION
When you exhale,
 intercostal muscles relax and the
rib cage moves downwards and
inwards as shown in
Figure 2.4.
 diaphragm muscles relax and
curve upwards.
 movements of the rib cage and
diaphragm make the thoracic
cavity smaller and cause the air
pressure in the thoracic cavity to
increase.
 the higher air pressure in the
lungs pushes the air out
2.2 Movement
and Exchange
of Gases in the
Human Body
• The air inhaled into the
alveolus has a higher
concentration of oxygen
compared to the
concentration of oxygen in
the blood.
• Therefore, oxygen will
diffuse through the wall of
the
alveolus into the walls of
the
capillaries and into the
blood.
• In red blood cells, there is a dark
red-coloured compound known as
haemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin will combine with
oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
which is an unstable compound
and bright red in
colour.
• Haemoglobin + oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin
 Blood with
oxyhaemoglobin is
transported from the
lungs to the heart and
pumped to the other
parts of the body.
 When the blood reaches the
area around the body cells
that has a low concentration
of oxygen, the
oxyhaemoglobin being an
unstable compound will
decompose to release
oxygen molecules and
change
Oxyhaemoglobin back into haemoglobin.
→ haemoglobin +
oxygen
In the body cells, the
diffused oxygen oxidises
glucose molecules into
carbon dioxide, water
and energy through the
process of cellular
respiration
As summarised in the
following
Glucosechemical
+ oxygen → carbon dioxide + water +
equation.
energy
 Carbon dioxide
released by the
cells diffuses into
the blood
capillaries and is
transported to
the alveolus to be
removed during
exhalation.
 Importance of the
Adaptations of the
Alveolar Structure

 The adaptations of the

alveolar structure
increase the efficiency
and maximise the
exchange of gases in
the human body
 1) Thickness of the walls of alveolus and
blood capillaries

The alveolus and blood

capillaries have thin walls
which are made up of only
one layer of cells. This
structure facilitates and
increases the rate of
diffusion of gases across the
walls of the alveolus and
blood capillaries
 2) Moist wall of
alveolus

The moist wall of

alveolus allows
respiratory
gases to dissolve and
diffuse into the blood
capillaries
3) Network of capillaries
covering the alveolus

The alveolus is
covered by a
compact network of
capillaries which
increases the rate of
gaseous exchange
between the alveolus
and the blood
capillaries.
 4) Surface
area of
alveolus

The lungs contain

millions of alveoli which
provide a large surface
area for the exchange of
gases
2.3 Health of
Human
Respiratory
System
 Substances that are
Harmful to the Human
Respiratory System
 Theair that we inhale during
breathing may contain
substances that can be
harmful to the respiratory
system.
 1) Cigarette
Cigarette Tar
tar is one of the toxic
substances found in cigarette
smoke.
 Cigarette tar in inhaled air sticks
to and
kills cells in the air passage such
as the thorax, pharynx,
epiglottis, larynx, bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli.
 Cigarette tar also increases the
production of mucus and phlegm
in the lungs.
 Cigarette tar is an
example of a substance in
cigarette smoke that can cause
lung cancer.
 SCIENCE INFO
 Cigarette tar and tar
used in making roads
are different
substances.
 Cigarettetar is
normally labelled as
‘tar’ which is the
acronym for ‘total
aerosol residue’.
 2) Carbon Monoxide
 Carbon monoxide is usually found
in cigarette smoke and exhaust
gases of motor vehicles.
 Carbon monoxide is a colourless
and odourless gas.
 When carbon monoxide diffuses
from
the alveoli into the blood
capillaries, it will combine
chemically with haemoglobin to
form carboxyhaemoglobin which
is a stable compound.
 Carbon
Monoxide
 This causes a
shortage of
oxyhaemoglobin in
blood that transports
oxygen to the body
cells.
 Due to this shortage,
the body cells are
unable to produce the
required amount of
energy through
cellular respiration.
 3) Sulphur Dioxide
 Sulphur dioxide that is released
into the air is normally produced
by the combustion of coal
from power stations
 Sulphur dioxide is a colourless
gas with a pungent smell.
 Itirritates the air passage
causing cough, difficulty in
breathing, bronchitis
and lung cancer
4) Nitrogen Dioxide

 Nitrogen dioxide that is released

into the air is normally produced
by the combustion of fuels such
as petrol and diesel in motor
vehicles
 Nitrogen dioxide is a brown-
coloured gas with a pungent smell.
 This gas irritates the air passage
and causes cough, difficulty in
breathing and asthma
5) Haze, Dust and
Pollen
 Haze, dust and pollen
are solid particles
which are fine, light
and suspended in the
air.
 The smoke from motor
vehicle exhaust, open
burning and forest fires
produces haze and dust
  Pollen released from anthers into the air
is carried by the wind over long
Haze, Dust distances in all directions.
and Pollen  Haze, dust and pollen irritate the
respiratory system and cause respiratory
diseases such as asthma.
 Respiratory Diseases and their
Symptoms
1)
Asthma
 Asthma is triggered by the presence of dust,
pollen, haze,
smoke from cigarette and motor vehicle
exhaust, open
burning and forest fires.
 Symptoms of asthma include
shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing.
 2)
Bronchitis

 Bronchitis is an
inflammation of the
bronchus caused by
tar and irritants in
cigarette smoke.
 Symptoms of
bronchitis include
shortness of
breath, persistent
coughing and
 3) Emphysema
 Emphysema is the condition of
the alveoli in the lungs which
are damaged by harmful
substances in the air such
as irritants in cigarette smoke.
 Symptoms of emphysema
include
shortness of breath, pain when
breathing and feeling tired from
doing even a light task.
 Emphysema patients cannot be
cured
but the symptoms of this
 4) Lung Cancer
 Lung cancer is caused by
cancer causing chemical
substances known as
carcinogens.
 These chemical
substances are inhaled
during breathing.
 Cigarette smoke contains
various carcinogens, for
example tar that causes
lung cancer.
 Symptoms of lung cancer
include persistent
coughing, blood in the
phlegm and feeling pain
Effects of Smoking on the Lungs
 Smoking is not only harmful to the
respiratory system of smokers but
also to the respiratory system of
other people in the vicinity of the
smokers.
 A person who does not smoke but
inhales cigarette smoke is known as
a passive smoker.
 The harmful effects of cigarette
smoke to the human respiratory
system do not only happen in the
body of the smoker but also in the
body of the passive smoker.
2.4 Adaptations
in Respiratory
Systems
 How the Respiratory System Adapts in
Different Surroundings
 The respiratory structures of most organisms including humans
have three features to ensure an efficient gaseous exchange with
the surroundings. These three features are as follows:

 Different organisms have different respiratory systems and adapt

to maximise the rate of gaseous exchange in different
surroundings. The respiratory structures which adapt in different
surroundings include moist outer skin, gills and trachea.
 MOIST OUTER SKIN

 Amphibians such as frogs are

organisms which can live on land
and in water.
 The respiratory structure of frogs
can adapt to increase the efficiency
of gaseous exchange while they are
on land
 Other than lungs, frogs usually use
their moist outer skin for gaseous
exchange. The skin of frogs is thin
and very permeable to gas.
 MOIST OUTER SKIN
 The skin of frogs is also
always moist because
it is covered by a layer
of mucus which causes
the respiratory gases to
dissolve and diffuse
easily.
 Under the layers of skin
is a dense network of
blood capillaries to
increase the diffusion
rate of gases between
the skin and the blood
  Fish
is an organism that can only live in
Gills water.
 Therefore, the respiratory structure of fish,
namely gills can adapt to increase the
efficiency of gaseous exchange in water.
 Gills
GILLS
are made up of two rows of
fine filaments that have many
thin and flat projections known
as lamellae.
 The number of filaments and
lamellae produces a large
surface area to facilitate
gaseous exchange.
 Since fish live in water, their
gills are surrounded by water
and this causes the respiratory
gases to dissolve and diffuse
easily.
 Mudskippers are
classified as
amphibious fish
because they
breathe through
their gills like fish
and also through
their moisture skin
like amphibians.
 Trachea

 The respiratory system of insects

is the trachea system made up
of air tubes known as trachea.
 Airenters or leaves the trachea
through breathing pores known
as spiracles.
 The opening and closing of
spiracles are controlled by
valves which allow air to leave
and enter the body
 Trachea
 Trachea is divided into fine branches known as
tracheoles. Tracheoles have thin and moist walls to
increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange.
 The large number of tracheoles also provides a large
surface area to facilitate gaseous exchange through
diffusion directly into the cells.
 Some insects such as grasshoppers have air sacs in their
trachea system.
 These sacs are filled with air to increase the rate of
exchange of respiratory gases between tissues and the
surroundings during energetic activities.
2.5 Gaseous
Exchange in
Plants
 Mechanism of Gaseous Exchange in Plants

 Most plants carry out

the process of
gaseous exchange
with their
surroundings through
their leaves, stems
and roots.
 Thesethree parts
provide a large
surface area for
gaseous exchange.
  The structure in leaves
that shows the pathway
of gaseous exchange.
Diffusion of Carbon  The diffusion of carbon
Dioxide dioxide occurs through
the stoma according to
the difference in
concentration of
carbon dioxide in the
cells and in the air
spaces between the cells
during photosynthesis.
  Stoma is made up of a stomatal pore bounded
by a pair of guard cells.
Stomatal  Guard cells contain chloroplasts to carry out
Pore and photosynthesis.
 Stomata of plants open during photosynthesis
Guard Cells when there is light and close when it gets dark
or when the plant loses a lot of water on a hot
day
 Process of Osmosis
Affects the Stoma
 Osmosis is the process of movement
of water molecules from a region of
high concentration
of water molecules (solution with a
low concentration of solutes) to a
region of low
concentration of water molecules
(solution with a high concentration of
solutes) through
a semipermeable membrane.
 This membrane is permeable to water
but not
permeable to some solutes such as
sucrose molecules.
Process of Osmosis in Guard Cells
 When there is light, guard cells carry
out photosynthesis to produce
glucose.
 The concentration of glucose in guard
cells increases and causes water from
surrounding cells to diffuse into the
guard cells through osmosis.
 Hence, the guard cells become
turgid and curved.
 Conversely, at night or on a hot day,
water diffuses out of the guard cells
also through osmosis and causes the
guard cells to become flaccid and
straight.
 Importance of
Unpolluted
Environment for
the Survival of
Plants
 The environment,
especially unpolluted
air, is very important
to ensure the growth
and survival of
plants.
Effects of Haze and Dust
on the Survival of Plants
 If the surrounding is hazy and
dusty, the polluted air will be
harmful to the growth and survival
of plants.
 Other than reducing sunlight from
reaching the plants and reducing
the rate of photosynthesis, haze
and dust that settle on stomata
prevent gaseous exchange between
plants and their surrounding.
Effects of Acidic Gases in the Air on
the Survival of Plants
 Airpollutant gases which are acidic
such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide dissolve
in rainwater to produce acid rain.
 Acidrain kills plant cells and causes soil
to be acidic and less fertile.
 Most plants cannot live in highly acidic
soil. This will reduce agricultural
produce and cause food shortage.
 Among the preventive measures against the
effects of pollution on plants in the local and
global context :

 Banopen burning in
Indonesia and Malaysia
 Limitthe number of motor
vehicles on the road in
Beijing, China
 Encourage the use of
alternative energy such
as solar energy