Diploma- C.E.

Wireless Unit no:-2

Transmission Mobile Computing

[09CE1501]

Fundamentals
Prof. Rushi Raval
  What is a Protocol ?
 A protocol is a set of rules that govern how systems
TCP/IP communicate. For networking they govern how data
protocol is transferred from one system to another.
 What is a Protocol Suite ?
suite  A protocol suite is a collection of protocols that are
designed to work together.
TCP/IP
protocol
suite
  TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the
internet by providing end-to-end communications that
identify how it should be broken into packets,
addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the
TCP/IP destination.

protocol  TCP defines how applications can create channels of

communication across a network.
suite  IP defines how to address and route each packet to
make sure it reaches the right destination.
 TCP/IP functionality is divided into four layers, each of
which include specific protocols.
 Application layer:
 The application layer provides applications with
standardized data exchange.
 Its protocols include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
TCP/IP (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office
protocol Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol
suite - (SNMP).

Layers Transport Layer:

 The transport layer is responsible for maintaining
end-to-end communications across the network.
 The transport protocols include Transmission control
protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
 Network Layer:
 The network layer, also called the internet layer,
deals with packets and connects independent
networks to transport the packets across network
TCP/IP boundaries.
 The network layer protocols are the IP and the
protocol Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
suite - Physical Layer:
Layers  The physical layer consists of protocols that operate
only on a link.
 The protocols in this layer include Ethernet for local
area networks (LANs) and the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP).
OSI Model
 1. Physical Layer (Layer 1) :
 The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the
physical layer.
 It is responsible for the actual physical connection
between the devices.
 The physical layer contains information in the form
OSI Model – of bits.

Physical The functions of the physical layer are :

 Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the
Layer synchronization of the bits by providing a clock.
 Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the
transmission rate i.e. the number of bits sent per
second.
 Physical topologies: Physical layer specifies the
way in which the different, devices/nodes are
arranged in a network
 2. Data Link Layer (DLL) (Layer 2) :
 The data link layer is responsible for the node to node
delivery of the message.
 The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer
is error free from one node to another, over the physical
layer.
OSI Model – The functions of the data Link layer are :

Data link  Framing: It provides a way for a sender to transmit a set of

bits that are meaningful to the receiver.
Layer  Physical addressing: After creating frames, Data link
layer adds physical addresses (MAC address) of sender
and/or receiver in the header of each frame.
 Error control: Data link layer provides the mechanism of
error control in which it detects and retransmits damaged
or lost frames.
 Flow Control: The data rate must be constant on both
sides.
 3. Network Layer (Layer 3) :
 Network layer works for the transmission of data from
one host to the other located in different networks.
 It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the
shortest path to transmit the packet, from the number
of routes available.
OSI Model –  The sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the
Network header by network layer.

Layer The functions of the Network layer are :

 Routing: The network layer protocols determine
which route is suitable from source to destination.
 Logical Addressing: In order to identify each device
on internetwork uniquely, network layer defines an
addressing scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP
address are placed in the header by network layer.
 4. Transport Layer (Layer 4) :
 Transport layer provides services to application layer and
takes services from network layer.
 It is responsible for the End to End delivery of the complete
message.
 Transport layer also provides the acknowledgment of the
OSI Model – successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an
error is found.
Transport  Transport Layer reads the port number from its header and
Layer forwards the Data which it has received to the respective
application.
The functions of the transport layer are :
 Segmentation and Reassembly: at sender breaks the
message into smaller segments, at destination station
reassembles the message.
 Service Point Addressing: transport layer header
includes a type of address called port address.
 5. Session Layer (Layer 5) :
 This layer is responsible for establishment of
connection, maintenance of sessions, authentication
and also ensures security.
The functions of the session layer are :
OSI Model –  Session establishment, maintenance and
Session termination: The layer allows the two processes to
establish, use and terminate a connection.
Layer  Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add
checkpoints which are considered as synchronization
points into the data.
 Dialog Controller : The session layer allows two
systems to start communication with each other in
half-duplex or full-duplex.
 6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6) :
 Presentation layer is also called the Translation
layer.
 The data from the application layer is extracted here
and manipulated as per the required format to
OSI Model – transmit over the network.
The functions of the presentation layer are :
Presentatio  Translation : For example, ASCII values to char.
n Layer  Encryption/ Decryption : Data encryption
translates the data into another form or code. The
encrypted data is known as the cipher text and the
decrypted data is known as plain text.
 Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need
to be transmitted on the network.
 7. Application Layer (Layer 7) :
 These applications produce the data, which has to be
transferred over the network.
 This layer also serves as a window for the application
services to access the network and for displaying the
OSI Model – received information to the user.
Application  Ex: Application – Browsers, Skype Messenger etc.

Layer The functions of the Application layer are :

 Network Virtual Terminal
 FTAM-File transfer access and management
 Mail Services
 Directory Services
 What is modulation?
 Modulation is a process through which audio, video,
image or text information is added to an electrical or
Modulatio optical carrier signal to be transmitted over a
telecommunication or electronic medium.
n  Modulation enables the transfer of information on an
electrical signal to a receiving device that
demodulates the signal to extract the blended
information.
Modulatio
n
Technique
s
  Amplitude modulation (AM) the amplitude of the
carrier wave is varied in proportion to the message
signal, and the other factors like frequency and phase
remain constant.
Modulatio  Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of
n the carrier in proportion to the message or data signal
while maintaining other parameters constant.
Technique  Phase modulation, the carrier phase is varied in
s accordance with the data signal.
 when the phase is changed it also affects the
frequency, so this modulation also comes under
frequency modulation.
  In wireless communication systems, it is often
desirable to allow the subscriber to send information
simultaneously from the mobile station to the base
station

Multiple  The main aim in the cellular system design is to be

able to increase the capacity of the channel, i.e.,
Access to handle as many calls as possible in a given
bandwidth.
Technique  There are several different ways to allow access to
s the channel.
 Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
 Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
 Code division multiple-access (CDMA)
Multiple
Access
Technique
s
  FDMA is the basic technology for advanced mobile
phone services.
Frequency  The features of FDMA are as follows.
division  FDMA allots a different sub-band of frequency to each
different user to access the network.
multiple-  If FDMA is not in use, the channel is left idle instead of
access allotting to the other users.
(FDMA)  The base station BS and mobile station MS, transmit
and receive simultaneously and continuously in
FDMA.
  In the cases where continuous transmission is not
required, there TDMA is used instead of FDMA.
Time  TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several
Division users where each users makes use of non-
overlapping time slots.
Multiple  Data transmission in TDMA is not continuous, but
Access occurs in bursts. Hence handoff process is simpler.

(TDMA)  TDMA has an advantage that is possible to allocate

different numbers of time slots per frame to different
users.
  Multiple access where several transmitters use a
single channel to send information simultaneously.
Code  In CDMA every user uses the full available spectrum
Division instead of getting allotted by separate frequency.
 CDMA is much recommended for voice and data
Multiple communications.
Access  While multiple codes occupy the same channel in
CDMA, the users having same code can communicate
(CDMA) with each other.
 CDMA offers more air-space capacity than TDMA.
WAP
architectu
re
  WAP is Optimized for:
 Low Bandwidth
 Low Display Capability

WAP  Low memory

architectu  Application Layer

re  Wireless Application Environment (WAE). This
layer is of most interest to content developers
because it contains among other things, device
specifications, and the content development
programming languages, WML, and WMLScript.
  Session Layer
 Wireless Session Protocol (WSP). Unlike HTTP, WSP
has been designed by the WAP Forum to provide fast
connection suspension and reconnection.
WAP
architectu  Transaction Layer
 Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP). The WTP runs on
re top of a datagram service, such as User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
 It is part of the standard suite of TCP/IP protocols used
to provide a simplified protocol suitable for low
bandwidth wireless stations.
  Security Layer
 Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS). WTLS
incorporates security features that are based upon
the established Transport Layer Security (TLS)
protocol standard. It includes data integrity checks,
privacy, service denial, and authentication services.
WAP  Transport Layer

architectu  Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP). The WDP allows

WAP to be bearer-independent by adapting the
re transport layer of the underlying bearer.
 The WDP presents a consistent data format to the
higher layers of the WAP protocol stack.
 Each of these layers provides a well-defined interface
to the layer above it. This means that the internal
workings of any layer are transparent or invisible to
the layers above it.
  Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a
technology that allowing you to make voice calls over
a broadband Internet connection instead of a analog
(regular) phone line.
 Some VoIP services allow you to call people using the
VoIP same service, but others may allow you to call
anyone.
 They can have a telephone number – including local,
long distance, mobile, and international numbers or
not.
VoIP
  Voice are converted into a digital signal by VoIP
services that travel over the Internet.
 If regular phone number is called, the signal is
How VoIP converted to a regular telephone signal i.e. an analog
Works? signal before it reaches the destination.
 VoIP can allow you to make a call directly from a
computer having a special VoIP phone, or a traditional
phone connected to a special adapter.
  Advantages of VoIP:
 Some VoIP services offer features and services that
VoIP are not available with a traditional phone, or are
available but only for an additional fee.
Advantages  Paying for both a broadband connection and a
and traditional telephone line can be avoided.
 Disadvantages of VoIP:
Disadvanta  Some VoIP services don’t work during power outages
ges and the service provider may not offer backup power.
 Not all VoIP services connect directly to emergency
services through emergency service numbers.
  Mobile IP (or MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) standard communications protocol that is
designed to allow mobile device users to move from
Mobile IP one network to another while maintaining a
permanent IP address.
 Each mobile node is identified by its home address
disregarding its current location in the Internet.