LCT 1
LCT 1
LCT 1
• Planning Process
1. Deciding which goals to pursue.
2. Deciding what strategies to adopt to attain those
goals.
3. Deciding how to allocate organizational
resources.
Organizing
• Organizing
– Structuring working relationships so that
organizational members interact and cooperate
to achieve organizational goals.
• Organizational Structure
– A formal system of task and reporting
relationships that coordinates and motivates
organizational members so that they work
together to achieve organizational goals.
Leading
• Leading
– Articulating a clear vision and energizing and
aligning organizational members so they
understand the part they play in attaining
organizational goals.
Controlling
• Controlling
– Evaluating how well an organization is achieving
its goals and taking corrective actions to maintain
or improve performance.
– The outcome of the control process is the ability
to measure performance accurately and to
regulate the organization efficiency and
effectiveness.
What is Organization
Efficiency?
• Efficiency:
– It is the measure of how productively
resources
are used to achieve goals.
– Organizations are efficient when manager minimize
the amount of input resources (such as labor, raw
material, parts, and time) to produce the desired
output (e.g. products or services)
What is Organization
Effectiveness?
• Effectiveness:
– It is the measure of appropriateness of the goals
that managers have selected for the
organization and to which degree the
organization achieves these goals.
– Organizations are effective when managers
are choosing appropriate goals and then they
are achieving them.
Efficiency, Effectiveness,
Performance
and in an
(Resources utilization)
Organization
(Goals achievement)
Achieving High Performance
• Organizational Performance
– A measure of how efficiently and effectively
managers use organizational resources to
satisfy customers and achieve goals efficiently
and effectively.
Types and Levels of
Managers
The most senior manager in the company who is leading
the company AND/OR a group composed of the CEO and
COO.
Types of
Managers
Relative Amount of Time Managers
Spend on the Four Managerial
Tasks
Managerial Skills
• Conceptual skills
– The ability to analyze and diagnose a situation and
distinguish between cause and effect.
• Human skills
– The ability to understand, alter, lead, and control
the behavior of other individuals and groups.
• Technical skills
– The specific knowledge and techniques required
to perform an organizational role.
The Core Competencies
– Specific set of Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and
experiences that allows one organization to
outperform its competitors.
Recent Changes in
Management Practices
• Restructuring
– Downsizing an organization by eliminating the jobs
of large numbers of top, middle, or first-line
managers and non-managerial employees.
Recent Changes in
Management Practices
• Outsourcing
– Contracting with another company, usually in a
low cost country abroad, to perform an activity
the company previously performed itself.
– Increases efficiency because it lowers operating
costs, freeing up money and resources that can be
used in more effective ways.
Recent Changes in
Management Practices
• Empowerment
– Expansion of employees’ responsibilities and
authorities to make decisions.
• Self-managed team
– A group of employees with the responsibility for
organizing, controlling, and supervising their own
activities and for monitoring the quality of the
goods and services they provide.
Globalization
• Rise of Global Organizations
– These are the organizations that operate and
compete in more than one country
– Globalization helps companies to create new market
opportunities and overcome saturation of domestic
market
– Globalization reduces unit manufacturing cost due to
economy of scales and use of cheaper labor
resources
– Globalization helps to test products overseas before
launching it in domestic market
– Globalization helps to gain use of export tax
Challenges for Management in
a Global Environment
1. Building a Competitive Advantage: through building blocks of
Innovation, Quality, Efficiency, and responsiveness to customer
requirements.
2. Maintaining Ethical and Socially Responsible Standards: to avoid
unethical practices to counteract the pressure of business targets
3. Managing a Diverse Workforce: due to cross culture and labor laws
of different countries
4. Utilizing IT and E-Commerce: e.g. communication, connectivity,
computer literacy, and hijacking
5. Practicing Global Crisis Management: through creating teams to
facilitate rapid decision making and communication, establishing the
organizational chain of command, recruiting and selecting the right
people, and develop local bargaining and negotiating strategies to
manage conflicts.
Learning Objectives
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