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SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
WASTE WATER TREATMENT

CEng 4192
October, 2019
1
1. Introduction to wastewater
treatment
2
1.1. General About WWT
What is wastewater?
oWaste water /sewage is part of water supplied to the community
that has been used for different purposes and has been mixed with
solids (floating, settable, colloidal, dissolved) .
ois water by mass (99.9%) and contaminants in either floating,

suspended or dissolved form.
oWW treatment: removal of solids, removal of biodegradable

organic matter, removal of pathogens
3
General About WWT
• WWT comprises of the following stages of treatment:

1. Conventional treatment
I. Preliminary treatment
 removal of untreatable (inorganic) solid materials;
 protection of subsequent treatment units;
 improvement of the performance of subsequent treatment units
II. Primary treatment
 remove a significant fraction of organic particulate
matter (suspended solids)
III. Secondary/biological
 Remove dissolved organic matter
2. Advanced/tertiary treatment
4
General About WWT
General About WWT
 Methods of treatment in which the application of
physical forces dominates are called unit operation
 Methods of treatment in which chemical or biological
activity are involved are known as unit process.
 WWT applies any of this operations, processes or
combination of both.
 WWT is the combination of physical, chemical and
biological processes.
6
1.2. Objectives of WW treatment
 The ultimate goal of waste water treatment is;
• protection and preservation of our natural

resources
(aquatic life and natural water bodies)
• protection of human health by the destruction of

pathogenic organisms
 Another important aim of wastewater treatment

include
• Energy production
• Nutrient recovery&
• Reuse
2. Characteristics of wastewater
 The design of a wastewater treatment plant requires

knowledge of its characteristics:
• Quantity or flow rate of wastewater.

− Required to determine the size of the various unit
operations and unit processes
• Quality of raw wastewater.

− Required to determine types of unit operations and
processes to be used.
− Required to evaluate effectiveness/performance of
implemented unit operations and processes.
− Required to determine suitability of final effluent for
disposal or reuse.
2.1. WW sources and quantity
Sources /components/ of wastewater flow
 Domestic sewage: discharges from residential, commercial

and institutional facilities (toilets, laundry, kitchen sinks …)
 Industrial discharge: from different industries (used for
manufacturing purposes)
 Storm runoff: (if drainage system is combined type) runoff
from rain
 Infiltration/Inflow (I/I): Water that enters the sewer system
through direct (relatively unpolluted water through drains) and
indirect means (GW seepage through cracks).
• Most treatment units are designed to produce the required effluent quality when
treating the maximum day flow.
* See different applications of flow rate types (P199 Metcalf & Eddy)
• For areas served with sewers, wastewater flow rates are commonly determined
from existing records or by direct field measurement plus an allowance for
future change
Future growth of daily flow rate depends on changes in

 climate,
 living standard/economy/,
 quality of water supply or
 water conservation efforts
 For new developments, wastewater flow rates can be

obtained from recorded avg. wastewater flow rates per unit
(l/c/d, l/ha/d) from similar communities,
(climate, living standard/economy/, quality of water supply or

water conservation practices)
 allowance for future change of flow rates
 And multiplied by corresponding analysis of projected

 Population data,
 Commercial areas/institutions and
 Number of industries /industrial areas
 Apply peaking factor
Harmon’s formula
For max. PF=1
Babbitt's formula
PF = 15.05 Q-0.167 , Where Q WW discharge is in m3/d

 If no records on waste water flow rates are found, water

supply flow rate records can often be used
Then about 85% of the water consumption can be considered

as wastewater
• Design flow = max. flow + I/I
l/ha/d
• From recorded data,
I/I = wet weather average flow - base (dry weather) avg. flow
Depend on;
 GW level
 Soil type
 Age of sewerage system
 Workmanship in construction
 Character of maintenance
 Building connection
2.2. Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological
Characteristic/quality of Wastewater
Physical Characteristics
 suspended solids, turbidity , color, odor, temperature
Chemical Characteristics
 Alkalinity, pH, Chloride Contents, Dissolved gases,
Nitrogen compounds, Phosphorus, Presence of Fats, Oils
and Greases, Sulphides, Sulphates and Hydrogen
Sulphide Gas, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Bio-Chemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), Total Organic Carbon
Biological Characteristics
 Bacteria, protozoa, helminthes & viruses
17
Characteristic of Wastewater
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Suspended / settleable solids;
Are particles that are larger than 10 microns (0.01mm)
Settle in practical duration of time
Due to mostly organic and inorganic solids from animal

excreta, industrial processing and cleaning activities
Effluent discharge with excessive SS can also result in the

deposition of sludge into the aquatic system and
occurrence of anaerobic condition
Filter sample of WW and heat filtrate to dryness and measure its

weight
18
Turbidity
is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of
individual particles that are generally un dissolved and invisible to
the naked eye.
A measure of light transmitting property of wastewater
Due to detergents, soaps, dyes and emulsifying agents from
industries and households
Blocks light penetration in to water bodies
 Can shield bacteria from disinfectants
 Photometrically determined by
the percentage of light of a
given intensity that is either
absorbed or scattered
color, odor,
- Aesthetic impact,
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, INORGANIC
pH
•is a method of expressing the hydrogen ion concentration
•Due to industrial or other nondomestic discharges

•pH is an important limiting chemical factor for aquatic life
•Wastewater with an extreme concentration of hydrogen ion is

difficult to treat by biological means.
•PH meter
Chloride Contents
•derived from the kitchen wastes, human feces, and urinary
discharges, etc.
•Industrial processes such as battery manufacturing, pulp mills,
bullion refining, electroplating, pesticide manufacturing, etc are the
main sources of chlorides in water.
•Chloride is necessary for water habitats to thrive, yet high levels is

toxic to aquatic life and impacts vegetation and wildlife
•High chloride concentrations in freshwater can harm aquatic

organisms by hindering survival, growth, and reproduction.
•Measured using specific ion electrode

Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological
22
ALKALINITY
• the ability of a wastewater to neutralize acid or to absorb
hydrogen ions.
• Wastewater receives its alkalinity from the water supply, (the
groundwater) and the materials added during domestic use.
• Insufficient alkalinity present in the wastewater makes

neutralizing acids generated by the active biomass during
waste treatment difficult.
• Alkalinity is determined by titrating against a standard acid

Nitrogen
Nitrogen is an essential building block in the synthesis of protein
Nitrogen compounds
a) Organic nitrogen;
b) Free ammonia, called ammonia nitrogen;
c) Nitrites; and
d) Nitrates
 Animal excreta, kitchen wastes
 If these cpds enter drinking water sources health impact/Blue baby
 Nitrites are toxic to fish and
 can also react with chlorine used for disinfection, hence, increasing
treatment cost
Concentration is typically determined colorimetrically, titrimetrically, or
with specific-ion electrodes.
Phosphorus
•Animal excreta, detergents and from different industries
•Excessive amounts can cause stream damage and excessive
algal growth Eutrophication.
•Orthophosphates can be determined by directly adding a

substance such as ammonium molybdate which will form a
colored complex with the phosphate
•Other forms of phosphates must be converted to

orthophosphates using an acid digestion step
Heavy Metals
• Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury …
• Major sources are industrial discharges
• Toxic, carcinogen and mutagen (p79 Metcalf & Eddy)

• should be removed by pretreatment at the site of the industry
rather than be mixed with the municipal wastewater.
• Metals are determined typically by
 Flame atomic absorption,
 Electro thermal atomic absorption,
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, ORGANIC
•Are compounds that contain carbon
Biodegradable and non biodegradable (refractory)
•Biodegradable Organics: utilized for food by naturally occurring

microorganisms within a reasonable length of time.
•Domestic & food preparation industries
•The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the
water body.
•The consequences of high BOD is;
– aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die.
• The amount of organic compounds in wastewater is generally
evaluated by biological oxygen demand (BOD) test and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) test
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• Is an indirect measure of the quantity of biodegradable organic
matter, by measuring oxygen required for oxidation of organic
matter by aerobic biological action.
 5 day BOD test
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
•measures the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation of

organics into carbon dioxide and water chemically.
•it measures everything, including nitrogen cpds, sulfur compounds
and non-biodegradable organic matter that can be oxidized
chemically.
Oxidizing sample by strong oxidizing chemical (Potassium
Permanganate) under acidic condition
30
PRESENCE OF FATS, OILS AND GREASES
have low solubility in wastewater, resulting in relatively low
biodegradability by microorganisms.
are largely derived from the discharges of animals, garages, kitchens of
hotels and restaurants, etc.
as well as petroleum sources (e.g., kerosene, lubricating oils)
- blockages, pump failures
- create unsightly films
- Contribute to oxygen depletion in natural water bodies
•Removal takes place at source site before discharging it to receiving
system
Determined by extraction of the waste sample with trichloro trifluoro
ethane 31
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The presence of bacteria and other living microorganisms, such as algae,
fungi, viruses, protozoa, etc.
Pathogenic organisms include bacteria, protozoa, helminthes and viruses
Health hazard to down stream users (irrigation or whoever comes in direct
contact),
We do not usually test waters for all of these organisms but we use
indicator organisms to determine if it is possible that animal or human waste
has contaminated the water (thus the presence of pathogens is likely).
Coliform bacteria are used as an indicator of disease-causing organisms
/bactriologically polluted water.
Membrane filtration or Multiple tube fermentation methods
32
Assignment
Do a literature review on the common
laboratory test methods, procedures and
analysis of each discussed contaminants.

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

ois water by mass (99.9%) and contaminants in either floating,

oWW treatment: removal of solids, removal of biodegradable

• WWT comprises of the following stages of treatment:

 The ultimate goal of waste water treatment is;

• protection and preservation of our natural

• protection of human health by the destruction of

 Another important aim of wastewater treatment

 The design of a wastewater treatment plant requires

• Quantity or flow rate of wastewater.

• Quality of raw wastewater.

 Domestic sewage: discharges from residential, commercial

Future growth of daily flow rate depends on changes in

 For new developments, wastewater flow rates can be

(climate, living standard/economy/, quality of water supply or

 And multiplied by corresponding analysis of projected

PF = 15.05 Q-0.167 , Where Q WW discharge is in m3/d

 If no records on waste water flow rates are found, water

Then about 85% of the water consumption can be considered

• Design flow = max. flow + I/I

Due to mostly organic and inorganic solids from animal

Effluent discharge with excessive SS can also result in the

Filter sample of WW and heat filtrate to dryness and measure its

•Due to industrial or other nondomestic discharges

•Wastewater with an extreme concentration of hydrogen ion is

•Chloride is necessary for water habitats to thrive, yet high levels is

•High chloride concentrations in freshwater can harm aquatic

•Measured using specific ion electrode

• Insufficient alkalinity present in the wastewater makes

• Alkalinity is determined by titrating against a standard acid

•Orthophosphates can be determined by directly adding a

•Other forms of phosphates must be converted to

• Toxic, carcinogen and mutagen (p79 Metcalf & Eddy)

•Biodegradable Organics: utilized for food by naturally occurring

•Domestic & food preparation industries

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

•measures the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation of

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