Society and

the State
 You answer me,
although I never
ask you questions.
What am I?
The more you take,
the more you leave
behind. What am I?
 Society
•According to Franz Oppenheimer,
society is referring to the totality of
all natural relations and institutions
between man and man.
 Kinds of Society
• Hunting and gathering society
• Pastoral society (herding of animals)
• Horticultural society (cultivation of food)
• Agricultural society(use of irrigations, etc.)
• Industrial society
• Post-industrial society
 Hunting and Gathering
•Hunter-gatherer culture was the
way of life for early humans
until around 11 to 12,000 years
ago. The lifestyle of hunter-
gatherers was based on
hunting animals and foraging
for food.
•Hunter-gatherer culture is a type
of subsistence lifestyle that relies
on hunting and fishing animals and
foraging for wild vegetation and
other nutrients like honey, for food.
•Because hunter-gatherers did not rely on
agriculture, they used mobility as a survival
strategy.
•This made establishing long-term
settlements impractical, and most
hunter-gatherers were nomadic.
Hunter-gatherer groups tended to
range in size from an extended
family to a larger band of no more
than about 100 people.
The End of Hunting and Gathering

• With the beginnings of the Neolithic

Revolution about 12,000 years ago, when
agricultural practices were first developed,
some groups abandoned hunter-gatherer
practices to establish permanent
settlements that could provide for much
larger populations.
•Today very few exist, with
the Hadza people of
Tanzania being one of the
last groups to live in
this tradition.
Reference for Hunting and
Gathering
• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/h
unter-gatherer-culture
• Last update: May 2022
 Pastoral Society
• A pastoral society is a group of people who
live a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle
while also herding and caring for agricultural
animals.
• The term ''pastoral'' comes from the Latin
word pastor, meaning ''shepherd.‘’
• Pastoral societies typically domesticate large
herbivores and use them for food and labor.
• Common animals domesticated in
pastoral societies include reindeer,
cows, sheep, goats, horses, yaks,
and camels.
• Pastoral societies used to be much
more common, but there are still a
few examples of these groups living
and thriving in the world today.
 Two types of pastoralists:
• Nomadic societies include all people who travel
throughout the year, typically following weather
patterns and finding areas with better conditions and
food availability. Nomadic pastoralists travel throughout
the year alongside herds of animals.
• Transhumance societies are sometimes called semi-
nomadic. They travel throughout the year, but they
travel regularly to specific locations where they often
have permanent or semi-permanent structures.
Transhumance pastoralists travel to the same places
each year in the company of their herds.
The End of Pastoral Society

•Development of Land (settlement and

enrichment of land itself) and crops.
Reference
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/pastoral-society-definition-lesson-
quiz.html#:~:text=A%20pastoral%20society%20is%20a%20nomadic%
20group%20of%20people%20who,society%20is%20called%20a%20pa
storalist
.
Horticultural Society
• Horticultural societies are characterized by
cultivating vegetation with simple tools and
without large, permanent farms. Horticultural
societies can be mixed in two ways.
• First, they may have several different kinds
of horticulture.
• Second, they might also supplement their
horticulture with some other method of food
production, such as hunting.
•Horticultural societies have
little else at their disposal
beyond hand-held tools that
can be produced without
modern machining or even
advanced blacksmithing.
• Note that horticultural societies are
often limited by technology and are
limited in how large a population they
can support.
• A horticultural society cannot produce
enough food to sustain a population
as large as a modern society that has
farms that are much more productive
for the space they take.
•One of the major
characteristics of horticultural
societies is that they do not
rely on large, permanent
farms. Their production of
plants for food, then, relies on
impermanent farms.
• There are two related techniques that
are often used in conjunction with each
other by horticultural societies such as
the Yanomami people; the first
technique is shifting cultivation.
Shifting cultivation is a practice wherein
a plot of land will be farmed for some
period of time, and then the farmers will
shift to another plot. The portion of land
that had been farmed will be left to grow
wild, possibly even a decade at a time.
• The second technique is slash-and-
burn farming. This technique is used to
(re)claim land for farming by cutting away
weeds, sections of forest, and undesirable
vegetation and then burning the remains.
Burning the vegetation helps to replenish
and enrich the soil as well as simply create
space for farmland. This is a technique
often used by people in tropical rainforests
for the sake of clearing land for root-based
crops. It has also been used in the forested
hills of Southeast Asia.
• The Yanomami people of the Amazonian
rainforest are one example of a
horticultural society. While they
supplement their food production with
hunting and gathering, farming with
primitive tools constitutes a significant
portion of their food production. They use
shifting cultivation and slash-and-burn
farming in order to create impermanent
farm plots where they grow crops like
sweet potatoes and plantains.
The End of Horticultural Society

•Development of modern tools and

equipment for farming
•Development of modern techniques
in farming and growing of crops
Reference
• https://study.com/learn/lesson/horticultural-
society-overview-features-examples.html
 Agricultural Society
•The development of agricultural
about 12,000 years ago changed
the way humans lived. They
switched from nomadic hunter-
gatherer lifestyles to permanent
settlements and farming.
• Taking root around 12,000 years
ago, agriculture triggered such a change
in society and the way in which people
lived that its development has been
dubbed the “Neolithic Revolution.”
• Traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyles,
followed by humans since their
evolution, were swept aside in favor
of permanent settlements and
a reliable food supply.
•Out of agriculture, cities
and civilizations grew, and
because crops and animals
could now be farmed to meet
demand, the global population
rocketed—from some five million
people 10,000 years ago, to
more than seven billion today.
•The wild progenitors of crops including
wheat, barley, and peas are traced to the
Near East region.
• Cereals were grown in Syria as long as
9,000 years ago, while figs were
cultivated even earlier; prehistoric
seedless fruits discovered in the Jordan
Valley suggest fig trees were being
planted some 11,300 years ago.
• Though the transition from wild harvesting was
gradual, the switch from a nomadic to a settled way
of life is marked by the appearance of early Neolithic
villages with homes equipped with grinding stones
for processing grain.
• The origins of rice and millet farming date
to the same Neolithic period in China. The
world’s oldest known rice paddy fields,
discovered in eastern China in 2007,
reveal evidence of ancient cultivation
techniques such as flood and fire control.
• Cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs all have
their origins as farmed animals in the so-
called Fertile Crescent. The region
includes modern-day Iraq, Turkey, Syria,
Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and parts of
Egypt and Iran.
• This region kick-started the Neolithic
Revolution. Dates for
the domestication of these animals
range from between 13,000 to 10,000
years ago.
• Genetic studies show that goats and
other livestock accompanied the
westward spread of agriculture into
Europe, helping to revolutionize Stone
Age society.
• While the extent to
which farmers themselves migrated wes
t remains a subject of debate,
the dramatic impact of dairy farming on
Europeans is clearly stamped in their
DNA.
The end of Agricultural Society
• Industrial Revolution - The term “industrial revolution” is a
succinct catchphrase to describe a historical period, starting
in 18th-century Great Britain, where the pace of change
appeared to speed up. This acceleration in the processes of
technical innovation brought about an array of new tools and
machines. It also involved more subtle practical
improvements in various fields affecting labor, production,
and resource use. The word “technology” (which derives
from the Greek word techne, meaning art or craft)
encompasses both of these dimensions of innovation.
Reference
• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/development-agri
culture
• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/industrial-
revolution-and-technology
 Industrial Society
• Industrial societies are named after
the ever-increasing use of
industrialization and machinery to
innovate and make scientific and
technological advances. Industrial
societies began through the
industrialization of the textile industry.
• The industrialization definition distinguishes
industrialized countries from "developing" or
"underdeveloped" countries because it means that a
nation has developed an economy and society that
focuses on industry and produces goods via mass
production.
• Industrialization has been a significant factor in what
makes developed countries what they are now, as
industrialization helped their economies and even
helped them win wars. The three major
industrialized countries that the term ''industrial
society'' refers to are the ''Big Three'' of the Allies in
World War II: the United States, Russia, and England.
• There are several defining characteristics of industrialized
societies, including large urban centers, the tertiary sector (the
service sector) of their economies, large-scale organizations
(companies and corporations), and mass production. Industrial
societies are also characterized as self-sustaining and self-
perpetuating. Since industrial societies manufacture goods for
themselves, and oftentimes for trade, the society's economy is
able to support itself. Additionally, factory work and distribution
also create many entry-level jobs, further boosting the economy
since more money is in the hands of the people and circulating
throughout the society. This promotes consumerism.
Additionally, the need for a less skilled workforce to complete
tasks means that less time and resource is spent training and
fixing mistakes. This increases overall company productivity
which allows for more products to be produced in a shorter
amount of time than in the previous eras.
• The methods used by industrialized societies to
get goods to the market involve mass
production, which is also called "Fordism" after
Henry Ford. Mass production involves dividing
work so that each person does a
straightforward task, which can be done to a
higher standard. As mass production increased
and technology improved, assembly lines that
were manned by people could be taken over by
machinery, freeing people to do other jobs
within the company. In modern-day, most
assembly lines use a combination of machinery
and manpower.
• The First Industrial Revolution was
quickly replaced by another
industrial society called the
"Second Industrial Revolution"
(1870-1910). The Second Industrial
Revolution brought about more
modern forms of manufacturing
and production.
• The Second Industrial Revolution produced
several inventions, including electricity, the
telephone, and cars. This time it happened
in Europe, America, and Japan. Around this
time, some inventors made steam engines
powered by coal. This energy source made
it possible for people to build machines
used across many diverse industries. These
technological and societal changes led to
the growth of the economy, which meant
that more money was being made.
• The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of
great change in a society's way of life. It was an
era when technological advances were made
rapidly. The introduction of electric power had a
significant impact on how people lived their lives
because it allowed for many tasks to be done
more quickly than before. It was also
characterized by improved transportation,
mechanization, and a more effective use of
natural resources.
The End of Industrial Society
• The discoveries of computer networking, artificial
intelligence, and other “emerging technologies.”
Reference
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/industrial-society-definition-
characteristics-quiz.html
Post Industrial Society
• A post-industrial society is a stage
in a society's evolution when the
economy shifts from producing and
providing goods and products to
one that mainly offers services.
Post Industrial Society
• Sociologist Daniel Bell made the term "post-
industrial" popular in 1973 after discussing the
concept in his book "The Coming of Post-
Industrial Society: A Venture in Social
Forecasting." He described the following shifts
associated with post-industrial societies:
• Production of goods (like clothing) declines and the
production of services (like restaurants) goes up.
• Manual labor jobs and blue collar jobs are replaced
with technical and professional jobs.
• Society experiences a shift from focusing on
practical knowledge to theoretical knowledge.
The latter involves the creation of new, invention
solutions.
• There is a focus on new technologies, how to
create and utilize them as well as harness them.
• New technologies foster the need for new
scientific approaches like IT and cybersecurity.
• Society needs more college graduates with
advanced knowledge who can help develop and
advance technological change.
Post-Industrial Societal Shifts in the
U.S.
1.About 15 percent of the labor force (only 18.8 million
Americans out of a workforce of 126 million) now works
in manufacturing compared to 26 percent 25 years ago.
2.Traditionally, people earned status and gained and
privilege in their society through inheritance which
could be a family farm or business. Today education is
the currency for social mobility, particularly with the
proliferation of professional and technical
jobs. Entrepreneurship, which is highly valued, generally
requires a more advanced education.
The concept of capital was, until fairly recently,
considered mainly to be financial capital gained through
money or land. Human capital is now the more important
element in determining the strength of a society. Today,
that's evolved into the concept of social capital -- the
extent to which people have access to social networks
and subsequent opportunities.
Intellectual technology (based on math and linguistics) is
at the forefront, utilizing algorithms, software
programming, simulations and models to run new "high
technology."
The infrastructure of a post-industrial society is based
on communication whereas the infrastructure of
industrial society was transportation.
An industrial society features a labor theory based on
value, and industry develops proceeds with the creation
of labor-saving devices which substitute capital for labor.
In a post-industrial society, knowledge is the basis for
invention and innovation. It creates added value,
increases returns and saves capital.
Reference
• https://www.thoughtco.com/post-industrial-society-
3026457#:~:text=Characteristics%20of%20Post%2DIndustrial
%20Societies&text=Production%20of%20goods%20(like
%20clothing,with%20technical%20and%20professional%20jobs.
 State
• It is a political human organization that is sovereign
and supreme in exercising its authority within its
territory.
• The state, being an organization of humans,
necessarily involves society.
• Society is much more than the state for aside from
politics, society also involves culture, religion and the
arts among others.
 When can we say that the
existence of a state is
justified?
• Philosophers usually discuss three theories
that provide an answer to this question.
First, is the Divine Right Theory or the
Theory of the Divine Right of Kings. Second,
is the Social Contract Theory or the Consent
Theory of the State. Third is the
Consequentialist Approach.
Divine Right Theory
• It claims that what justifies the political power of
the state is the appointment of its king by God.
• This theory is considered as monarchy as the
best form of government.
• Jean Domat is one of the leading advocates of
this theory.
 Social Contract Theory
• What justifies the political power of the
state is the informed and voluntary consent
that its citizens have given to the institution
of the state.
• This consent is expressed in the form of a
contract between the citizen and the state.
 Thomas Hobbes
• State of nature – natural behavior of the human person without
the state.
• Hobbes thinks that the state of nature is basically a condition
wherein everyone is at war with everyone else – “a war of all
against all”
• Reasons to be considered in the state of nature – First, human
naturally seek what he calls “felicity” which is the feeling of
happiness or satisfaction. Second, human are roughly equal in
terms of their strength and skill to attack and kill one another.
Thirdly, there exists a scarcity of resources in the state of nature.
 John Locke
• The state of nature of man is that they are created by
God equal in terms of their natural rights, which
include the rights to life, liberty and property and the
right to punish those who will violate the previous
rights.
• The law of nature is the law of reason.
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• The state of nature (savages) are not only motivated by
the desire for self preservation but by pity or compassion
for one’s fellow humans as well.
• It is the compassion that prevents people from engaging
in a war as they seek to satisfy their desire for self-
preservation.
• Living a solitary life, the savages have no desire for power,
wealth and reputation; they only desire the satisfaction of
their basic needs such as food, sexual satisfaction and
sleep.
 UTILITARIANISM
• Utilitarianism – an action is morally good if it
maximizes the aggregate good or welfare of all
affected persons or promotes “the greatest good or
happiness of the greatest number of people”.
• “GREATEST POSSIBLE GOOD OR HAPPINESS OF THE
GREATEST POSSIBLE NUMBER OF PEOPLE.”
• GREATEST HAPPINESS PRINCIPLE.
STRUCTURING STATE POWER
• Aristotle proposed two considerations in various
forms of government.
1. the number of rulers
2. whether the ruler's rule to advance their
personal interests or the common interests or
good of all the citizens of the state.
 First Consideration
• Governments are classified as either the rule of
ONE, the FEW, or the MANY.
• ONE – Monarchy or kingship, tyranny or dictatorship
• FEW – Aristocracy, oligarchy
• MANY - Democracy
 Evaluate the
transformation of human
relationships by social
systems and how
societies transform
individual human beings.
 Human Relationships by Social
Systems
(Name of the society)
Give atleast 5 characteristics of People in this society on
how they interact with each other.

Explain how this society transforms

individual human beings. Minimum
of 7 sentences.
1. What is the role of the government in the society?
2. What is the role of the school in the society?
3. What is the role of the church in the society?
4. What is the role of the family in the society?
5. What is your role in the society?
•In what way human
relations are
transformed by social
systems?