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CP Lecture 04

Introduction in cp

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19 views38 pages

CP Lecture 04

Introduction in cp

Uploaded by

sheheathumanikinanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

CP 111:

PRINCIPLES OF
PROGRAMMING
Operators
CONTENTS
 Operators
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Increment and Decrement Operators
OPERATORS
 An operator is a symbol, which helps the user to
command the computer to do a certain mathematical
or logical manipulations.
 Operators are used in programming language
program to operate on data and variables.
OPERATORS
 Operators can be classified as:
– Arithmetic operators
– Relational Operators
– Logical Operators
– Increments and Decrement Operators
-Assignment operators
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 You can use an arithmetic operator with one or two arguments to add,
subtract, multiply, and divide numeric values.
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

 Example:
i. 5+3=8
ii. 5–3=2
iii. 5 * 3 = 15
iv. 5 / 3 = 1
v. 5 % 3 = 2
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

 *, / and % will be performed before + or - in any


expression.
 Brackets can be used to force a different order of
evaluation to this.
 Example
 2+5*4–3=?
 (2 + 5) * (4 – 3) =
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

 Here are some arithmetic expressions used within


assignment statements:
i. z=x+y
ii. no1 = x – y
iii. age = a * b + c
iv. velocity = distance / time
v. force = mass * acceleration
vi. count = count + 1
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 Integer Arithmetic
 When an arithmetic operation is performed on
two whole numbers or integers than such an
operation is called as integer arithmetic.
It always gives an integer as the result.
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 Example
 Let x = 27 and y = 5 be two integer numbers. Then
the integer operation leads to the following results:
i. x + y = 32
ii. x – y = 22
iii. x * y = 115
iv. x % y = 2
v. x/y=5
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 Floating-point Arithmetic
 When an arithmetic operation is preformed on
two real numbers or fraction numbers such an
operation is called floating-point arithmetic.
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 Example
 Let x = 14.0 and y = 4.0 then
i. x + y = 18.0
ii. x – y = 10.0
iii. x * y = 56.0
iv. x / y = 3.50
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
 An operator that compares two values.
 For example, the expression:

 This expression will have a value of TRUE if the variable x is


less than 5;
 otherwise the value of the expression will be FALSE.
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
 Relational operators are sometimes called comparison operators.
 Expressions that contain relational operators are called relational
expressions.
 A simple relational expression contains only one relational operator and
takes the following form:

 Where exp1 and exp2 are expressions, which may be simple constants,
variables or combination of them.
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
 The following are relational operators
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
 The following are relational operators
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Example:
Let x = 2 and y = 5 then
i. x < y = True
ii. (x + 2) > (y * 2) = False
iii. (x + 3) <= y = True
iv. x != y = True
v. y > (3 + x) = False
LOGICAL OPERATORS
 An operator that compare or evaluate logical and relational expressions.
 The following are logical operators:
LOGICAL OPERATORS
 Logical AND
 This operator is used to evaluate two conditions or
expressions with relational operators simultaneously.
 If both the expressions to the left and to the right of
the logical operator is true then the whole compound
expression is true.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical AND
LOGICAL OPERATORS
 Logical AND
 Example:
 (a > b) && (x == 10)
 The expression to the left is a > b and that on the
right is x == 10, the whole expression is true only if
both expressions are true i.e., if a is greater than b
and x is equal to 10.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
 Logical AND
 Example:
 Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the following
logical expressions:
 i. (a > b) && (c != 5) = False
 ii. (a < b) && (c < b) = False
 iii. (a > b) && (c == 5) = False
 iv. (a < b) && (b < c) = True
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical OR
 The logical OR is used to combine two
expressions or the condition evaluates to true
if any one of the 2 expressions is true.
 The expression evaluates to true if any one of
them is true or if both of them are true.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical OR
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical OR
 Example:
 (a < m) || (a < n)
 The expression evaluates to true if any one of them is
true or if both of them are true.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical OR
 Example:
 Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the following
logical expressions:
 i. (a > b) || (c != 5) = False
 ii. (a < b) || (c < b) = True
 iii. (a > b) || (c == 5) = True
 iv. (a < b) || (b < c) = True
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical NOT
• The logical NOT operator takes single expression and
evaluates to true if the expression is false and
evaluates to false if the expression is true.
• In other words it just reverses the value of the
expression.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical NOT
Example:
! (x >= y)
The NOT expression evaluates to true only if the value
of x is neither greater than or equal to y
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical NOT
Example:
Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the following
logical expressions:
i) !(a > b) = True
ii) !(a < b) = False
iii) !(a > b || c == 5) = False
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Increment and Decrement Operators
• The increment and decrement operators are one of
the unary operators which are very useful in
programming language.
• They are extensively used in loops.
• The syntax of the operators is given below:
++ variable name, variable name++
– –variable name, variable name– –
INCREMENT AND
DECREMENT OPERATORS
Increment and Decrement Operators
• The increment operator ++ adds the value 1
to the current value of operand.
• The decrement operator – – subtracts the
value 1 from the current value of operand.
INCREMENT AND
DECREMENT OPERATORS
INCREMENT AND
DECREMENT OPERATORS
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 A prefix operator first adds 1 to the operand
and then the result is assigned to the variable
on the left.
 On the other hand, a postfix operator first
assigns the value to the variable on the left
and then increments the operand.
INCREMENT AND
DECREMENT OPERATORS
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Example 1:
x = 4 y = ++x PRINT x , PRINT y
 What is the output?
 5
 5
INCREMENT AND
DECREMENT OPERATORS
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Example 2:
x = 3 y = x++ PRINT x, PRINT y
 What is the output?
3
4
INCREMENT AND
DECREMENT OPERATORS
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Example 3:
x = 3 y = --x PRINT x , PRINT y
 What is the output?
 2
 2
INCREMENT AND
DECREMENT OPERATORS
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Example 4:
x = 3 y = x- - PRINT x,
PRINT y
 What is the output?
3
 2
END

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