Name : SaifullahBaig

Roll No: 302-241074 Subj. Teacher: Professor Mr.

Class: BSSE-B Rizwan
Subject : ITC
 INTRODUCTION
TO DATABASE;
What is a Database?

• A database is an organized collection of

data that allows for efficient storage,
retrieval, and management of information.

• Databases can handle large amounts of

data and facilitate various operations such
as querying, updating, and reporting.
• Databases are managed by database management
systems (DBMS), software that provides a way to create,
read, update, and delete data in a structured format.
Databases play a crucial role in various

• Databases play a crucial role in various applications, from

small personal record-keeping to massive enterprise
systems.
Key Concepts of Databases;

1. Data and Information : Data are raw facts and figures (like numbers, text, dates).

2. Database Management System (DBMS): A DBMS is software that helps users

interact with the database by providing tools for defining, managing, and querying
the data.

3. Tables, Records, and Fields:

• In a relational database, data is organized into tables
• A record (or row) in a table represents an individual data entry.
• A field represents an attribute or property of the data (such as name, age, or email
address).

4. Primary Key: A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table.

5. Foreign Key: A foreign key is a field in one table that links to the primary key in
another table, establishing relationships between tables.

6. SQL (Structured Query Language): SQL is a language used to interact with and
manage data in a relational database.
Advantages of Using Databases;

• Data Organization:
Databases efficiently organize large amounts of data for easy retrieval.

• Data Integrity:
Constraints and keys maintain accuracy and reliability.

• Data Security:
User permissions and encryption keep data.

• Scalability:
Databases can handle increasing amounts of data over time.

• Concurrent Access:
Multiple users can access and manipulate data simultaneously without conflicts.
Types of Databases:
• Relational Databases:
A relational database is a type of database that organizes data into tables (or
relations), which are structured using rows and columns. Each table
represents a specific entity, such as customers, orders, or products. Relational
databases are widely used due to their simplicity, reliability, and ability to
handle complex data relationships efficiently.

• NoSQL Databases:
NoSQL databases are a category of database systems designed to store
and manage unstructured, semi-structured, or large-scale data. The term
“NoSQL” originally meant “non-SQL” or “non-relational,” though it now
sometimes implies “Not Only SQL,” highlighting its compatibility with
both structured and unstructured data.
• In-Memory Databases:
In-memory databases (IMDBs) are a type of database that primarily stores
data in a computer’s main memory (RAM) rather than on disk. This makes
data access extremely fast compared to traditional disk-based databases. In-
memory databases are designed to handle high-performance workloads,
supporting real-time applications where quick access to data is critical, such
as online gaming, financial trading, and real-time analytics.

• Cloud Databases:
Cloud databases are databases that run on cloud computing platforms
rather than on local servers or in-house data centers. Cloud databases
provide a flexible, scalable, and managed environment for storing,
accessing, and managing data, making them popular for applications ranging
from small personal projects to large-scale enterprise systems. They offer
the ability to scale easily, automatic backups, disaster recovery, and high
availability, all of which are managed by cloud service providers.
RELATIONAL DATABASE:
A relational database is a type of database that organizes data into tables (or
relations), which are structured using rows and columns. Each table represents
a specific entity, such as customers, orders, or products. Relational databases
are widely used due to their simplicity, reliability, and ability to handle
complex data relationships efficiently.
Key Concepts in Relational Database:
The relational database model is a way to organize and manage data in tables, where each
table is made up of rows and columns:

Rows:
Also called records or tuples, each row contains a value for each attribute.

Columns:
Also called attributes, each column specifies a data type.

Primary key:
A unique identifier for each row in a table.
Foreign key:
A reference to a primary key in another table, used to create
relationships between tables.

Logical data structures:

Separate from physical storage structures, allowing database
administrators to manage storage without affecting data
access.
Advantages of Relational
Databases:
• Data Integrity:
Enforces data accuracy and consistency
through constraints like primary and
foreign keys.

• Flexibility:
Allows complex querying using SQL,
enabling powerful data retrieval and
reporting.
• Security:
Provides role-based access control,
allowing only authorized users to view or
modify data.

• Scalability:
Can handle large volumes of data as
databases grow, with optimization
techniques and indexing for faster data
retrieval.
Popular Relational Database Systems

• MySQL:
Known for its speed and reliability; widely used in
web applications.

• PostgreSQL:
An open-source relational database with
advanced features and support for complex
queries.

• Oracle Database:
Known for high performance and scalability,
commonly used in enterprise environments.
• Microsoft SQL Server:
A powerful relational database often used in
business applications, especially within
Windows environments.

Relational databases are ideal for

applications that require complex querying,
high levels of data consistency, and
structured data. They remain foundational
for data management in industries like
finance, healthcare, retail, and more.
Database Management System (DBMS):
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that
facilitates the creation, management, and manipulation of
databases. It serves as an intermediary between users
and databases, providing a systematic way to store,
retrieve, and manage data efficiently. DBMSs are crucial
for ensuring data integrity, security, and consistency in
applications that require data management.
Key Functions of a DBMS:
1. Data Definition:
Allows users to define
the database structure through a data
definition language (DDL). This includes
creating and modifying tables, fields,
relationships, and constraints.

2. Data Manipulation:
Provides a data
manipulation language (DML) for users
to retrieve, insert, update, and delete
data. SQL (Structured Query Language)
is commonly used for this purpose in
relational databases.
3. Data Security:
Implements user authentication and access control to
protect sensitive data. DBMSs allow the definition of
roles and permissions, ensuring that only authorized
users can access or modify data.

4. Data Integrity:
Ensures the accuracy and consistency of data through
constraints and validation rules. For example, primary
keys, foreign keys, and unique constraints help maintain
data integrity.

5. Transaction Management:
Manages transactions to ensure data reliability and
integrity. Transactions follow the ACID properties
(Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability), which
ensure that database operations are processed reliably.
6. Backup and Recovery:
Provides mechanisms for backing up data and recovering
it in case of failures, corruption, or disasters. This ensures
data availability and minimizes the risk of data loss.

7. Concurrency Control:
Manages simultaneous access to the database by
multiple users or applications. It prevents conflicts and
ensures that transactions do not interfere with each
other, maintaining data consistency.

8. Data Independence:
Separates the application logic from the database
structure, allowing changes to be made to the database
without affecting the applications that rely on it.
Types of DBMS
1. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS):
Organizes data into tables (relations) with rows and columns.
Supports SQL for data manipulation and adheres to ACID
properties.Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft
SQL Server.

2. NoSQL Database Management System:

Designed for unstructured or semi-structured data. NoSQL
databases offer flexible schemas and scalability for handling
large volumes of diverse data.

3. Hierarchical DBMS:
Organizes data in a tree-like structure with parent-
child
relationships. Each child node has only one parent, creating a
hierarchy.

Example: IBM Information Management System (IMS).

4. Network DBMS:
Similar to hierarchical DBMS but allows more complex
relationships between records, enabling many-to-many
relationships.Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS).

5. Object-oriented DBMS (OODBMS):

Stores data in the form of objects, similar to object-oriented
programming. It supports complex data types and
relationships.Examples: ObjectDB, db4o.

In summary, a DBMS is essential for managing data

efficiently in applications across various industries, providing
tools for data integrity, security, and ease of access. It plays a
vital role in ensuring that organizations can effectively store
and manage the increasing volumes of data they generate.
MS Access:

Microsoft Access is a desktop relational

database management system (RDBMS)
that is part of the Microsoft Office suite. It is
designed for small to medium-sized
database applications and provides a user-
friendly interface for managing, analyzing,
and reporting data. Access combines the
relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine
with a graphical user interface and
software-development tools.
 Key Features of Microsoft Access

1. User-Friendly Interface:
Access provides a graphical interface that simplifies
database design and management.

2. Tables:
Data is organized in tables, which consist of rows (records) and
columns (fields).

3. Queries:
Access supports SQL for querying data. Users can create queries
to filter, sort, and analyze data based on specific criteria.

4. Forms:
Forms in Access allow users to enter, edit, and view data in
a more structured format.
5. Reports:
Access enables users to generate printed reports based on the data in the
database.
6. Macros:
Access supports macros, which are automated sequences of tasks that can
streamline database operations.
7. VBA Support:
Access allows for advanced customization and automation through Visual
Basic for Applications (VBA).
8. Data Import and Export:
Access can easily import and export data from various sources, including
Excel spreadsheets, CSV files, and other databases, making it flexible for
data management.
9. Multi-User Support:
Access allows multiple users to share and collaborate on the same
database, making it suitable for small teams and workgroups.
MYSQL:
MySQL is a widely used, open-source
relational database management system
(RDBMS) that enables users to manage data
in structured formats using SQL (Structured
Query Language). Known for its
performance, reliability, and ease of use,
MySQL is a popular choice for web
applications and various enterprise
applications.
 Key Features of MYSQL:

1. Relàtional database structure

2. SQL support
3. Cross-platform compatibility
4. Storage engines
5. High performance
6. Scalability
7. Data security
8. ACID Compliance
9. Replication and backup
10. Community and enterprise Editions
 Examples of Common MySQL Commands:

1.Creating a table;

2. Inserting Data;
MySQL Editions
1. Community Edition:
Free and open-source, suitable for small to medium
applications and general users.
2. Enterprise Edition:
Paid version offered by Oracle, with additional features
like advanced security, performance monitoring,
backup tools, and technical support.

Conclusion :
MYSQL is a versatile, reliable, and widely adopted
RDBMS that is well-suited for applications across many
industries, particularly in web development. Its
combination of features, performance, and ease of use
makes it a popular choice for developers and
businesses alike, from small projects to large enterprise
systems. With options for both open-source and
enterprise users, MySQL provides flexibility for a wide
range of needs.