Chapter Five

Digital Subscriber Line Technologies

 Contents
Introduction of broadband connection
Introduction or Review of XDSL
Basic Features of DSL
Advantages and Disadvantages of DSL
Type of XDSL
ADSL loop Architecture
ADSL Speed Factors
ADSL Network Components
ADSL Loop Architecture
Advantages and Disadvantages of ADSL
DSL vs Cable Modem

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 Broadband connections
Broadband or high speed Internet access allows users to
access the Internet and Internet related services at
significantly higher speeds than those available through
"dial-up" services.

Broadband speeds vary significantly depending on the

technology and level of service ordered.

Broadband services for residential consumers typically

provide faster downstream speeds (from the Internet to
your computer) than upstream speeds (from your
computer to the Internet). 3
 Types of Broadband Connections

Broadband includes several high-speed transmission

technologies such as:
XDigital Subscriber Line (XDSL)
Cable Modems
Fiber
Wireless
Satellite
Broadband over Power lines (BPL)

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 Review of XDSL
DSL is the commonly used acronym for Digital Subscriber Line.
• Most forms of DSL are referred to as xDSL, where the letter x is replaced
by another letter that is an acronym that describes that particular form of
DSL.
• For example:
– ADSL (asynchronous digital subscriber lines)
– VDSL (very high speed digital subscriber line)
• DSL technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone
lines.
• The fact that DSL transmissions can take place over existing infrastructure
helps reduce the overhead of providers in many cases, which in turn makes5
DSL services more affordable for consumers.
 DSL technology provides high-speed, broadband network
connections to homes and small businesses.

 It's possible for DSL subscribers to share the same line for
their digital and analog traffic  play web + receive a call.

• DSL technologies utilize the unused bandwidth in the existing

copper access network to deliver high-speed data services
from the distribution center, or central office, to the end user.
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 Basic Features of DSL

The basic features of the DSL technology include:

i. Speed
 DSL offers more than 100 times the network performance
of a traditional analog modem.
 the precise speed of a connection depends on the variety of
xDSL deployed.
 DSL is a distance-sensitive technology.

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Cont’d …

 DSL modems contain an internal signal splitter that carries

voice signals on the usual low frequencies (from 0 up to
4kHz) and data signals above that.
 This splitter, consequently, allows simultaneous access to
the line by the telephone and the computer.
ii. Access
 DSL service remains "on" all of the time.
 People should be aware that long-lived connections like
DSL can have security issues  firewall.
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Cont’d …
iii. Availability
 The technology used to implement DSL only works over a
limited physical distance.
 At the maximum, DSL runs about 5.5 kilometers from a
telephone exchange to home or office.

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Introduction to DSL Technology Cont’d…….

iv. Bandwidth
 The actual network bandwidth a customer will receive from
DSL in the home depends on the span of their telephone
wiring.
 The longer the line, the less bandwidth DSL can support.
 Likewise, its thickness (wire gauge) can affect performance.

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Cont’d …

Cable length Bandwidth availability (kbps)

5.5 km 1,544

4.6 km 2,048

3.7 km 6,312

2.7 km 8,448

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 Advantages of DSL
• DSL is a very high-speed connection that uses the
same wires as a regular telephone line.
• You can leave your Internet connection open and still
use the phone line for voice calls.
• The speed is much higher than a regular modem
• DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can
use the phone line you already have.

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 Disadvantages of DSL

• A DSL connection works better when you are closer

to the provider's central office.
• The farther away you get from the central office, the
weaker the signal becomes.
• The connection is faster for receiving data than it is
for sending data over the Internet.

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Image of XDSL

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 Types of DSL (xDSL)
 The different DSL technologies are in short known as xDSL.
 xDSL technologies can be grouped into two broad categories.
i. Symmetric DSL: services provide identical data rates
upstream and downstream.
ii. Asymmetric DSL: provides relatively lower rates
upstream but higher rates downstream.
 The different xDSL technologies include:
 ADSL, G.Lite and RADSL
 HDSL, SDSL, and SHDSL
 VDSL
 IDSL

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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

 ADSL is a form of DSL, a data communications technology

that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone
lines
 ADSL was designed to provide higher downstream data rates at
the expense of upstream rates.
 ADSL is technically capable of up to 6 Mbps, but the service
customers actually receive generally performs at 2 Mbps or
lower for downloads and 512 Kbps for uploads.

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ADSL Technology Continued ...
 Many typical uses of the Web such as file downloads and
general web browsing requires greater downstream
bandwidth but relatively little in the opposite direction
which makes ADSL more suitable for this case.
 Better connection if closer to the provider’s
 Faster receiving than sending data

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ADSL Technology Continued ...
 ADSL uses unused frequencies on copper telephone lines to
transmit traffic typically at multi-megabit speeds
 ADSL allows voice and high-speed data to be sent
simultaneously over the same line.
 With ADSL service is 'always available'
 With ADSL you are wired for speed.
 Usually provide the modem as part of the installation
Internet
 Doesn’t need new wiring

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 ADSL is high-speed connection
that uses the same wires as a regular
telephone line

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ADSL Speed Comparison
Pure Fiber

Hybrid Fiber/Copper

Enhanced
Copper ADSL2 plus

ADSL

ISDN
Voice band
Modem

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ADSL Range
 In general, the maximum range for DSL without a repeater is 5.5
km.
 For larger distances, you may be able to have DSL if your phone
company has extended the local loop with optical fiber cable.

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ADSL Speed Factors

 The distance from the local exchange

 The type and thickness of wires used
 The number and type of joins in the wire

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 ADSL Network Components

 The ADSL modem at the customer premises

 The modem of the central office
 DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM)
 Broadband Access Server
 Splitter - an electronic low pass filter that separates the
analogue voice or ISDN signal from ADSL data frequencies
DSLAM.

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 ADSL loop Architecture

One interesting point is that ADSL uses the existing

telephone lines (local loop)

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Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)
 ADSL service provider has an ADSL Access Multiplexer
(DSLAM) to receive customer connections.
 DSLAM is a multiplexer at a phone company's central
location that links many customer DSL connections to a single
high-speed.
 xDSL line cards are installed in a DSLAM to terminate
incoming xDSL signals
 The DSLAM then combines multiple xDSL access lines into
one high speed line

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ADSL Requirements

 Phone-line, activated by your phone company for ADSL

 Filter to separate the phone signal from the Internet signal
 ADSL modem
 Subscription with an ISP supporting ADSL

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How ADSL work
 ADSL exploits the unused analogue bandwidth available in the
wires

PSTN Upstream Downstream

4 25 138 1104 KHz

 ADSL works by using a frequency splitter device to split a
traditional voice telephone line into two frequencies
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 Advantages and Disadvantages of ADSL

 Advantages
 Simultaneous Internet and voice/fax capabilities over a single telephone line
 Uninterrupted, high-speed Internet access that's always on-line
 Cost-effective solution for society
 Data security that exceeds other technologies
 Fast download speeds

 Disadvantages:
 Distance-sensitive
 Slower upload speeds
 Phone line required

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Universal ADSL (G.Lite)
 Universal ADSL (also known as G.Lite) is a form of ADSL that
improves on one of the weaknesses of regular ADSL
installation.
 Regular ADSL generally requires a technician visit to the client
site to install the splitter device that divides the frequency
spectrum for voice and data.
 G.Lite does not require that this splitter be installed, but it does
so at the expense of lower data rates.
 G.Lite supports a maximum of 1,544 kbps (384 kbps upstream)
where as regular ("full-rate") ADSL can support more than
8,000 kbps.
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Rate-Adaptive DSL (RADSL)

 RADSL is an implementation of ADSL that automatically

configures the modem at startup to adjust its rate according to
the quality of the phone line.
 Like G.Lite, RADSL supports a 1088kbps much date rate than
regular ADSL.

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 High Data Rate DSL (HDSL)

 HDSL offers the same bandwidth both upstream and

downstream.
 HDSL requires two phone lines to deliver the basic data rate
(1,544 kbps),
 It can deliver a maximum rate of 2,048 kbps using three lines.

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Symmetric DSL (SDSL)

 SDSL improves on the older HDSL technology by

implementing the same basic data rate (1,544 Kbps) while
requiring only a single phone line.
 SDSL supports data rates up to 3,088 Kbps.

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Symmetric High Data Rate DSL (SHDSL)

 SHDSL attempts to improve on both HDSL and SDSL by

only requiring a single line and by integrating low-level
services of interest to small businesses.
 SHDSL technology can transport data symmetrically at data
rates from 192 Kbps to 2,320 Kbps.

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Very High Data Rate DSL (VDSL)

 VDSL originally named VADSL ('A' for asymmetric) but

later was extended to support both symmetric and
asymmetric varieties of DSL.
 VDSL relies on fiber optic cabling.
 VDSL needs shorter cable lengths than most other forms of
DSL (maximum 2.7 meter as compared to 5.5 meter for
regular ADSL), but it also achieves the highest data rate
(roughly 51,840 kbps).

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 Very High Data Rate DSL (VDSL) Cont’d…

 The bandwidth levels supported by VDSL are needed to support

certain high-end applications such as High-Definition Television
(HDTV) that requires, for example, up to 20,000 kbps.
 The performance of VDSL depends significantly on the physical
distance traversed by wiring: Shorter distances mean faster
networking.

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ISDN DSL (IDSL)

 ISDN DSL (IDSL) implements a hybrid DSL/ISDN solution.

 IDSL offers only limited data rates (128 kbps, although
multiple circuits may be bonded).

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 DSL Vs Cable modems
Cable Internet is a broadband Internet connection
designed to run through your TV's same local coaxial
cable by connecting it to a modem.

DSL, or Digital Subscriber Line, is a modulation

scheme that uses an existing 2-wire copper telephone
line to provide high speed internet without holding up
the phone line.

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 Con’t…
DSL Cable modems
No shared connections Shared connections

More security Less security

Speed not affect by other Speed affect by other

Signal are independent Signal dependent

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Tha
nk
You
!
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