C H A P T E R 21

Chapter Goals
• Identify and discuss different types of digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies.
• Discuss the benefits of using xDSL technologies.
• Explain how ASDL works.
• Explain the basic concepts of signaling and modulation.
• Discuss additional DSL technologies (SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDSL, IDSL,
and VDSL).

Digital Subscriber Line

Introduction
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a modem technology that uses existing twisted-pair
telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such as multimedia and video, to service subscribers.
The term xDSL covers a number of similar yet competing forms of DSL technologies, including ADSL,
SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDL, IDSL, and VDSL. xDSL is drawing significant attention from
implementers and service providers because it promises to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to
dispersed locations with relatively small changes to the existing telco infrastructure.
xDSL services are dedicated, point-to-point, public network access over twisted-pair copper wire on the
local loop (last mile) between a network service provider’s (NSP) central office and the customer site,
or on local loops created either intrabuilding or intracampus. Currently, most DSL deployments are
ADSL, mainly delivered to residential customers. This chapter focus mainly on defining ADSL.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth
downstream—from an NSP’s central office to the customer site—than upstream from the subscriber to
the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup),
makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of
these applications typically download much more information than they send.

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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber and as much as 640 kbps more in both directions
(shown in Figure 21-1). Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without
new cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to
voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing
multimedia, including full-motion video, to every home this century.

Figure 21-1 The Components of an ADSL Network Include a Telco and a CPE

Core Existing copper

Server ADSL ADSL
network

1.5 to 9 Mbps
16 to 640 kbps

Internet

ADSL connection

ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or more as telephone companies enter new markets
for delivering information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades
to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services depends on reaching as many
subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote
CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these
markets viable and profitable for telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

ADSL Capabilities
An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted-pair telephone line, creating three
information channels: a high-speed downstream channel, a medium-speed duplex channel, and a basic
telephone service channel. The basic telephone service channel is split off from the digital modem by
filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted basic telephone service, even if ADSL fails. The high-speed
channel ranges from 1.5 to 9 Mbps, and duplex rates range from 16 to 640 kbps. Each channel can be
submultiplexed to form multiple lower-rate channels.
ADSL modems provide data rates consistent with North American T1 1.544 Mbps and European E1
2.048 Mbps digital hierarchies (see Figure 21-2), and can be purchased with various speed ranges and
capabilities. The minimum configuration provides 1.5 or 2.0 Mbps downstream and a 16-kbps duplex
channel; others provide rates of 6.1 Mbps and 64 kbps for duplex. Products with downstream rates up to
8 Mbps and duplex rates up to 640 kbps are available today. ADSL modems accommodate Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable rates and compensation for ATM overhead, as well as IP
protocols.

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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Figure 21-2 This Chart Shows the Speeds for Downstream Bearer and Duplex Bearer Channels
Downstream bearer channels

n x 1.536 Mbps 1.536 Mbps

3.072 Mbps
4.608 Mbps
6.144 Mbps
n x 2.048 Mbps 2.048 Mbps
4.096 Mbps

Duplex bearer channels

C channel 16 Kbps
64 Kbps
Optional channels 160 Kbps
384 Kbps
544 Kbps
576 Kbps

Downstream data rates depend on a number of factors, including the length of the copper line, its wire
gauge, the presence of bridged taps, and cross-coupled interference. Line attenuation increases with line
length and frequency, and decreases as wire diameter increases. Ignoring bridged taps, ADSL performs
as shown in Table 21-1.
Table 21-1 Claimed ADSL Physical-Media Performance

Data Rate Wire Gauge

(Mbps) (AWG) Distance (feet) Wire Size (mm) Distance (km)
1.5 or 2 24 18,000 0.5 5.5
1.5 or 2 26 15,000 0.4 4.6
6.1 24 12,000 0.5 3.7
6.1 26 9,000 0.4 2.7

Although the measure varies from telco to telco, these capabilities can cover up to 95 percent of a loop
plant, depending on the desired data rate. Customers beyond these distances can be reached with
fiber-based digital loop carrier (DLC) systems. As these DLC systems become commercially available,
telephone companies can offer virtually ubiquitous access in a relatively short time.
Many applications envisioned for ADSL involve digital compressed video. As a real-time signal, digital
video cannot use link- or network-level error control procedures commonly found in data
communications systems. Therefore, ADSL modems incorporate forward error correction that
dramatically reduces errors caused by impulse noise. Error correction on a symbol-by-symbol basis also
reduces errors caused by continuous noise coupled into a line.

ADSL Technology
ADSL depends on advanced digital signal processing and creative algorithms to squeeze so much
information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been required in
transformers, analog filters, and analog/digital (A/D) converters. Long telephone lines may attenuate
signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, forcing analog
sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate channels, and

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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks simple—transparent synchronous data pipes at
various data rates over ordinary telephone lines. The inside, where all the transistors work, is a miracle
of modern technology. Figure 21-3 displays the ADSL transceiver-network end.

Figure 21-3 This Diagram Provides an Overview of the Devices That Make Up the ADSL
Transceiver-Network End of the Topology
Downstream
channel(s) Mux
D/A and A/D
XMTR
Error
Duplex control Line Basic
channel(s) coupler telephone
Line
service
Channel splitter
separation
Demux
(FDM
Duplex
RCVR or ECH)
channel(s) Error Basic
control telephone
service

ADSL transceiver–network end

(Premises end is mirror image)

To create multiple channels, ADSL modems divide the available bandwidth of a telephone line in one of
two ways: frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) or echo cancellation, as shown in Figure 21-4. FDM
assigns one band for upstream data and another band for downstream data. The downstream path is then
divided by time-division multiplexing into one or more high-speed channels and one or more low-speed
channels. The upstream path is also multiplexed into corresponding low-speed channels. Echo
cancellation assigns the upstream band to overlap the downstream, and separates the two by means of
local echo cancellation, a technique well known in V.32 and V.34 modems. With either technique, ADSL
splits off a 4-kHz region for basic telephone service at the DC end of the band.

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Signaling and Modulation

Figure 21-4 ADSL Uses FDM and Echo Cancellation to Divide the Available Bandwidth for Services
FDM

Upstream Downstream

Basic
telephone
service

Frequency 1 Mhz

Echo cancellation

Upstream Downstream
Basic
telephone
service

Frequency 1 Mhz

An ADSL modem organizes the aggregate data stream created by multiplexing downstream channels,
duplex channels, and maintenance channels together into blocks, and it attaches an error correction code
to each block. The receiver then corrects errors that occur during transmission, up to the limits implied
by the code and the block length. At the user’s option, the unit also can create superblocks by
interleaving data within subblocks; this allows the receiver to correct any combination of errors within
a specific span of bits. This, in turn, allows for effective transmission of both data and video signals.

Signaling and Modulation

This section includes the following:
• CAP and DMT Modulated ADSL
• ADSL Standards and Associations

CAP and DMT Modulated ADSL

DMT and CAP are line-coding methods for modulating the electrical signals sent over the copper wire
in the local loop. Carrierless Amplitude and Phase (CAP) is a common line-coding method. CAP is a
well-understood technology because of its similarity with QAM. Although CAP is well-understood and
relatively inexpensive, some argue that it is difficult to scale because it is a single-carrier modulation
technique and is susceptible to narrowband interference. DMT uses multiple carriers. At this point, DMT
is capable of more speed than CAP. This is one reason that the ANSI committee T1E1.4 accorded it
standards status in document T1.413.
This standard calls for 256 subbands of 4 KHz each, thereby occupying 1.024 GHz. Each subband can
be modulated with QAM 64 for clean subbands, down to QPSK. If each of the subbands can support
QAM-64 modulation, then the forward channel supports 6.1 Mbps. On the return path are 32 subbands,
with a potential for 1.5 Mbps.

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Signaling and Modulation

CAP and DMT Compared

CAP is a single-carrier technique that uses a wide passband. DMT is a multiple-carrier technique that
uses many narrowband channels. The two have a number of engineering differences, even though,
ultimately, they can offer similar service to the network layers discussed previously.

Adaptive Equalization
Adaptive equalizers are amplifiers that shape frequency response to compensate for attenuation and
phase error. Adaptive equalization requires that the modems learn line characteristics and do so by
sending probes and looking at the return signals. The equalizer then knows how it must amplify signals
to get a nice, flat frequency response. The greater the dynamic range, the more complex the equalization.
ADSL requires 50 dB of dynamic range, complicating adaptive equalization. Only with recent advances
in digital signal processing (number crunching) has it become possible to have such equalization in
relatively small packaging.
Adaptive equalization is required for CAP because noise characteristics vary significantly across the
frequency passband. Adaptive equalization is not needed for DMT because noise characteristics do not
vary across any given 4-KHz subband. A major issue in comparing DMT with CAP is determining the
point at which the complexity of adaptive equalization surpasses the complexity of DMT’s multiple
Fourier transform calculations. This is determined by further implementation experience.

Power Consumption
Although DMT clearly scales and does not need adaptive equalization, other factors must be considered.
First, with 256 channels, DMT has a disadvantage regarding power consumption (and, therefore, cost)
when compared with CAP. DMT has a high peak-to-average power ratio because the multiple carriers
can constructively interfere to yield a strong signal. DMT has higher computational requirements,
resulting in more transistors than the transceiver chips. Numbers are mostly proprietary at this point, but
it is estimated that a single transceiver will consume 5 W of power, even with further advances. Power
consumption is important because hundreds or thousands (as carriers dearly hope) of transceivers might
be at the central office, or CEV. This would require much more heat dissipation than CAP requires.

Latency
Another issue for DMT is that latencies are somewhat higher than with CAP (15). Because each subband
uses only 4 KHz, no bit can travel faster than permitted by a QAM-64. The trade-off between throughput
and latency is a historical one in data communications and has normally been settled in the marketplace.

Speed
DMT appears to have the speed advantage over CAP. Because narrow carriers have relatively few
equalization problems, more aggressive modulation techniques can be used on each channel. For CAP
to achieve comparable bit rates, it might be necessary to use more bandwidth, far beyond 1 MHz. This
creates new problems associated with high frequencies on wires and would reduce CAP’s current
advantage in power consumption.

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Additional DSL Technologies

ADSL Standards and Associations

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Working Group T1E1.4 recently approved an ADSL
standard at rates up to 6.1 Mbps (DMT/ANSI Standard T1.413). The European Technical Standards
Institute (ETSI) contributed an annex to T1.413 to reflect European requirements. T1.413 currently
embodies a single terminal interface at the premises end. Issue II expands the standard to include a
multiplexed interface at the premises end, protocols for configuration and network management, and
other improvements.
The ATM Forum and the Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) have both recognized ADSL as a
physical layer transmission protocol for UTP media.

Additional DSL Technologies

This section discusses the following DSL technologies:
• SDSL
• HDSL
• HDSL-2
• G.SHDSL
• ISDN Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• VDSL

SDSL
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) is a rate-adaptive version of HDSL and, like HDSL, is
symmetric. It allows equal bandwidth downstream from an NSP’s central office to the customer site as
upstream from the subscriber to the central office. SDSL supports data only on a single line and does not
support analog calls. SDSL uses 2B1Q line coding and can transmit up to 1.54 Mbps to and from a
subscriber, or can be configured to offer a variable range of bandwidth up to 1.45 Mbps.
The symmetry that SDSL offers, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes
it a favorable WAN technology for small to medium businesses and branch offices, and can be an
affordable alternative to dedicated leased lines and Frame Relay services. Because traffic is symmetrical,
file transfer, web hosting, and distance-learning applications can effectively be implemented with SDSL.

HDSL
Originally developed by Bellcore, high bit-rate DSL (HDSL)/T1/E1 technologies have been
standardized by ANSI in the United States and by ETSI in Europe. The ANSI standard covers two-pair
T1 transmission, with a data rate of 784 kbps on each twisted pair. ETSI standards exist both for a
two-pair E1 system, with each pair carrying 1168 kbps, and a three-pair E1 system, with 784 kbps on
each twisted pair.
HDSL became popular because it is a better way of provisioning T1 or E1 over twisted-pair copper lines
than the long-used technique known as Alternative Mark Inversion (AMI). HDSL uses less bandwidth
and requires no repeaters up to the CSA range. By using adaptive line equalization and 2B1Q
modulation, HDSL transmits 1.544 Mbps or 2.048 Mbps in bandwidth ranging from 80ntrast to the 1.5
MHz required by AMI. (AMI is still the encoding protocol used for the majority of T1.)

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Additional DSL Technologies

T1 service can be installed in a day for less than $1,000 by installing HDSL modems at each end of the
line. Installation via AMI costs much more and takes more time because of the requirement to add
repeaters between the subscriber and the CO. Depending on the length of the line, the cost to add
repeaters for AMI could be up to $5,000 and could take more than a week.
HDSL is heavily used in cellular telephone buildouts. Traffic from the base station is backhauled to the
CO using HDSL in more than 50 percent of installations. Currently, the vast majority of new T1 lines
are provisioned with HDSL. However, because of the embedded base of AMI, less than 30 percent of
existing T1 lines are provisioned with HDSL.
HDSL does have drawbacks. First, no provision exists for analog voice because it uses the voice band.
Second, ADSL achieves better speeds than HDSL because ADSL’s asymmetry deliberately keeps the
crosstalk at one end of the line. Symmetric systems such as HDSL have crosstalk at both ends.

HDSL-2
HDSL-2 is an emerging standard and a promising alternative to HDSL. The intention is to offer a
symmetric service at T1 speeds using a single-wire pair rather than two pairs. This will enable it to
operate for a larger potential audience. It will require more aggressive modulation, shorter distances
(about 10,000 feet), and better phone lines.
Much of the SDSL equipment in the market today uses the 2B1Q line code developed for Integrated
Services Digital Network. The Bell companies have insisted that using this SDSL at speeds higher than
768 kbps can cause interference with voice and other services that are offered on copper wire within the
same wire bundle.
The biggest advantage of HDSL-2, which was developed to serve as a standard by which different
vendors’ equipment could interoperate, is that it is designed not to interfere with other services.
However, HDSL-2 is full rate only, offering services only at 1.5 Mbps.

G.SHDSL
G.SHDSL is a standards-based, multirate version of HDSL-2 and offers symmetrical service. The
advantage of HDSL-2, which was developed to serve as a standard by which different vendors’
equipment could interoperate, is that it is designed not to interfere with other services. However, the
HDSL-2 standard addresses only services at 1.5 Mbps. Multirate HDSL-2 is part of Issue 2 of the
standard known as G.SHDSL, and is ratified by the ITU. G.SHDSL builds upon the benefits of HDSL-2
by offering symmetrical rates of 2.3 Mbps.

ISDN Digital Subscriber Line

ISDN digital subscriber line (IDSL) is a cross between ISDN and xDSL. It is like ISDN in that it uses a
single-wire pair to transmit full-duplex data at 128 kbps and at distances of up to RRD range. Like ISDN,
IDSL uses a 2B1Q line code to enable transparent operation through the ISDN “U” interface. Finally,
the user continues to use existing CPE (ISDN BRI terminal adapters, bridges, and routers) to make the
CO connections.
The big difference is from the carrier’s point-of-view. Unlike ISDN, ISDL does not connect through the
voice switch. A new piece of data communications equipment terminates the ISDL connection and shuts
it off to a router or data switch. This is a key feature because the overloading of central office voice
switches by data users is a growing problem for telcos.

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Summary

The limitation of ISDL is that the customer no longer has access to ISDN signaling or voice services.
But for Internet service providers, who do not provide a public voice service, ISDL is an interesting way
of using POTS dial service to offer higher-speed Internet access, targeting the embedded base of more
than five million ISDN users as an initial market.

VDSL
Very-High-Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) transmits high-speed data over short reaches of
twisted-pair copper telephone lines, with a range of speeds depending on actual line length. The
maximum downstream rate under consideration is between 51 and 55 Mbps over lines up to 1000 feet
(300 m) in length. Downstream speeds as low as 13 Mbps over lengths beyond 4000 feet (1500 m) are
also common. Upstream rates in early models will be asymmetric, just like ADSL, at speeds from 1.6 to
2.3 Mbps. Both data channels will be separated in frequency from bands used for basic telephone service
and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), enabling service providers to overlay VDSL on
existing services. Currently, the two high-speed channels are also separated in frequency. As needs arise
for higher-speed upstream channels or symmetric rates, VDSL systems may need to use echo
cancellation.

Summary
ASDL technology is asymmetric, allowing more bandwidth for downstream than upstream data flow.
This asymmetric technology combined with always-on access makes ASDL ideal for users who typically
download much more data than they send.
An ASDL modem is connected to both ends of a twisted-pair telephone line to create three information
channels: a high-speed downstream channel, a medium-speed duplex channel, and a basic telephone
service channel. ADSL modems create multiple channels by dividing the available bandwidth of a
telephone line using either frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) or echo cancellation. Both
techniques split off a 4-kHz region for basic telephone service at the DC end of the band
Synchronous Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) provides variable, symmetric, high-speed data
communication up to 1.54 Mbps. But SDSL doesn’t allow analog on the same line, as ADSL does. SDSL
uses 2B1Q line coding, a technology employed in ISDN and T1 services. SDSL is a viable business
option because of its capability to transmit high-speed data over longer distances from the CO and
because of its ease of deployment made possible by its spectral compatibility.
High Bit-Rate DSL (HDSL) is a symmetric version of DSL that uses 2B1Q like SDSL, but over two-wire
pairs. HDSL is targeted at business deployment because it offers full-rate symmetrical 1.5 Mbps service.
HDSL-2 is a standards-based version of HDSL offering symmetrical 1.5 Mbps service like HDSL, but
with a single twisted pair of wires. HDSL is full-rate and does not offer variable rates.
G.SHDSL does offer multirate service with symmetrical speeds of up to 2.3 Mbps.
ISDN digital subscriber line (IDSL) is similar in many ways to ISDN. The primary difference is that
IDSL is always on and can reach speeds up to 512 kbps with compression. IDSL uses 2B1Q line coding
and does not support analog.
On the other hand, IDSL does allow data communications over longer distances than other DSL options
(up to 26,000 feet) and is considerably less expensive than ISDN service, in most cases. Because IDSL
supports existing ISDN CPE, it makes it easy to convert from ISDN to IDSL.

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Review Questions

Very-High-Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) transmits high-speed data over short distances
through twisted-pair copper telephone lines. VDSL technology is still in the definition stage, but
additional research is required before it can be standardized. VSDL and ADSL are similar technologies.
However, although VSDL transmits data at nearly 10 times the rate of ADSL, ADSL is the more complex
transmission technology.

Review Questions
Q—Name the current versions of DSL technology.
A— ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDL, IDSL, and VDSL.
Q—What are the two-line coding methods used for ADSL?
A—DMT and CAP.
Q—Which versions of DSL offer symmetrical service?
A—SDSL, HDSL, and HDSL-2.
Q—What symmetrical version of DSL offers multirate service over a single pair of wire?
A—G.SHDSL
Q—How far of a reach can IDSL achieve from the CO?
A—26,000 feet.
Q—What downstream and upstream rates are proposed for VDSL?
A—The maximum downstream rate under consideration is between 51 and 55 Mbps over lines up to
1000 feet (300 m) in length. Downstream speeds as low as 13 Mbps over lengths beyond 4000 feet (1500
m) are also common. Upstream rates in early models will be asymmetric, just like ADSL, at speeds from
1.6 to 2.3 Mbps.

For More Information

ADSL Forum (http://www.adsl.com/)
Cisco DSL Depot (http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/servpro/promotions/dsldepot/)

Glossary Terms
• G.SHDSL—Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line. The upstream data rate is different from the
downstream (typically the downstream is greater than the upstream). It is applicable to many DSL
technologies offered today; however, this term typically assumes DMT as defined in the ANSI
T1.413 specification.
• CPE—Customer premises equipment, including devices such as CSU/DSUs, modems, and ISDN
terminal adapters, required to provide an electromagnetic termination for wide-area network circuits
before connecting to the router or access server. This equipment was historically provided by the
telephone company, but it is now typically provided by the customer in North American markets.

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Glossary Terms

• CSU/DSU—Channel service unit/data service unit. Provides electromagnetic termination of the

digital (WAN) signal at the customer premises. Performs line conditioning and equalization
functions, and responds to loopback commands sent from the central office. In North America, the
customer supplies the device providing CSU/DSU functionality; outside North America, the
telecommunications service provider usually provides this device.
• DMT —Discrete Multitone is the ANSI specified modulation technique for G.SHDSL
(ANSI-T1.413). DMT is theoretically capable of more speed than CAP. The key providers of DMT
are Alcatel, Amati, Aware/ADI, and Orckit.
• Downstream—Refers to the transmission of data from the central office (CO or COE) to the
customer premise equipment (CPE).
• HDSL—High-speed Digital Subscriber Line. This is a symmetrical modulation technique that uses
two or three pairs of wires.
• HDSL2—High-speed Digital Subscriber Line. This is a symmetrical modulation technique that can
achieve speeds in the T1 (1.5 Mbps) range using one copper pair.
• POTS —Plain old telephone service.
• QAM —Quadrature amplitude phase modulation.
• RG.SHDSL—Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line. This refers to the CAP2 and QAM
technologies that use variable data rates to maximize the utilization of various loop lengths.
• SDSL—Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line. This indicates a subscriber line service that utilizes the
same data rate for upstream and downstream. This term is applicable to MDSL and HDSL
technologies.
• Upstream—Refers to the transmission of data from the customer premises equipment (CPE) to the
central office equipment (CO or COE).
• VDSL—Very-High-Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Line. This is a high-speed asymmetrical service
in the 10 to 25 Mbps range, typically limited to less than 5,000 feet. The targeted application for this
technology is a hybrid fiber copper system (fiber to the neighborhood).

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Glossary Terms

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