6- Rotational motion

ROTATIONAL MOTION
Principle of Rotational Motion:

If all part of a body rotate
around a fixed axis locked
together, the body (as a whole) is
called a rigid body.
The angular position of a
rotating rigid body is the angle
that an internal reference line
makes with a fixed external
reference line.
There is a relationship between
angular displacement and the
initial and final angular positions.
average angular velocity, angular
displacement and the time interval for
that change.
Counterclockwise (Anticlockwise)
motion is in the positive direction and
clockwise motion is in the negative
direction
average angular acceleration,
change in angular velocity and
the time interval for that change.
Z
P
r
o x
A rigid body rotating about the Z – axis where P

is the point describing a circle about the axis
A rigid body moves in pure rotation.
Thus, every particle of the body
moves in a circle such that its center
lies on a straight line called the axis
of rotation.
P
S
Where S is the length
of a circular path of θ
radius r and angle θ
……..(1)
1𝑟𝑒𝑣.=360 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒=2 𝜋 ( 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 ) ……(2)
The angular displacement of P, changing its
angular position from θ1 to θ2 undergoes
angular displacement of P as θ2 – θ1
Δ = θ2 – θ 1 (3)
At time interval t2 – t1 = Δt
the average angular velocity
= = ……… (4)
The instantaneous angular
velocity w, of the body
w= ………. (5)
If the angular velocity of a
body change from w1 to w2 in
a time interval
Δ = t 2 – t1
the average angular acceleration
……. (6)
…………. (7)
Both and are vectors
The reference line is that part of the body that is
perpendicular to the rotation axis, which is used
to measure the rotation of that body relative to a
fixed direction. P(t ) 2
r2
P(t1)
θ2 r1
θ1
Translational Motion
(fixed Direction) Rotational Motion
(Fixed Axis)
V=U+at
W = W0 + α t
x = u t + ½ a t2 θ = w0 t + α t2
V2 = U2 + 2 a x w2 = wo2 +2 α
θ
1 rad. = 57.3 deg. = 0.159 rev.
Example (1).
calculate the angular position given by
θ = -1-0.6t+0.25 t2 for t = -2.0 sec.
Solution:
θ = -1-(0.60(-2.0)+0.25(-2.0) 2
1.2 rad.
69 0
(2)
The angular acceleration of 3.50 rad/s2 was obtained
when a wheel rotates with the angular speed of 2
rad/s. Calculate (a) the angle of rotation of the wheel
after 2.0 seconds (b) the angular speed of the wheel at
2.0 seconds
Solution:
θ = w0 t + α t 2
θ = 2(rad/s)2 + (3.5)(2) = 11.0 rad.

2
w = w0 + α t
= 2 (rad/s) + (3.5)x2
= 9.0 rad/s
Relationship Between Angular and Linear Quantities
……….. (8)
The tangential speed of a particle moving in a circular path is Vt =
r ……(9)
• Thus, the tangential speed of a point on a rotating
object equals the distance of that point from the axis
of rotation multiply by the angular speed.
• Thus, the tangential acceleration is
at = r where is in rad/s 2 …………… (10)
That is, the tangential acceleration of a point on a rotating

object equals the distance of that point from the axis of
rotation multiply by the angular acceleration.
Example 3
The radius of a centrifuge used by an astronaut to travel
is 15 m.
(a) At what constant angular speed must the centrifuge
rotate if the astronaut is to experience linear
acceleration of magnitude of (11xg)
(b) What is the tangential acceleration of the astronaut
if the centrifuge accelerates at a constant rate from rest
to that angular speed of (a) in 120 seconds?
Solution:(a)
= rad/s
(b)
=
Kinetic Energy of Rotation
The rapidly rotating blade of a fan or table saw has energy
due to motion
…(11)
Since V = r ,
………… (12)
= ……… (13)
………..(14)
the rotational Inertia becomes
I= …………….(15)
(rad.) ………..(16)
•Note:
Angular acceleration describes
the motion of the entire object
while the tangential acceleration
describes only the motion of a
single point on the object.
•Exercise: (1) The blades of an electric
blender are whirling with an angular velocity
of 375 rad/s while the button is pushed in.
When the “blend” button is depressed, the
blades accelerate and reach a greater
angular velocity in 44 rad (seven revolution).
The angular acceleration has a constant
value of 1740 rad/s 2
Find the new angular velocity of the blades

Solution:
α W0 t
44 rad 1740 rad/ ? 375 rad/s
w2 = wo2 +2 α θ
= (375 rad/ + 2(1740)(44)
= 2.94x
w=
w = (542) rad/s
(2)
The angular acceleration of 8.0 rad/s2 was obtained
when a wheel rotates with angular speed of 5.0 rad/s.
Calculate the angle of rotation of the wheel after 7
seconds.
= wi t + α t 2
=
5 x 7 + x8x 7
2
= 35 + 196 = 231rad.
Class Exercise
•The angular acceleration of 12.0
rad/s was obtained when a wheel
2
rotates with angular speed of 6.0

rad/s. Calculate the angle of
rotation of the wheel after 4.0
seconds.
The Correct answer is …….(e)
•(a) 210rad
•(b) 96 rad/s 2
•(c ) 140 rad/s

•(d) 120 rad/s
•(e) None
ROTIONAL DYNAMICS
Whenever there is a change in the angular
velocity of a rotating object, the quantity
producing such angular acceleration is called
a torque
Note also that angular acceleration of a
rotating object is proportional to the net
torque.
Other things being equal, large forces lead to
Thus, torque depends on
(i) the magnitude of the force
(ii) the point where the force is applied relative
to the axis of rotation
(iii) the direction of the force.
Torque = Force x Lever arm
(Unit = N.m) ………(17)

Both translational and angular acceleration are zero when the object is
in equilibrium.
If a rigid body is in equilibrium, its
translational acceleration is zero.
………………(18)
That is, the x and y components of the

net force are separately zero.
…….(19)
A rigid body can rotate as well as translate and if its
in equilibrium, its angular acceleration α is zero.
If the angular acceleration of an object is zero, the
sum of the positive torques is balanced by the sum of
the negative torques, the net torque being zero; thus,
 …………………………..(20)
Hence, the center of gravity of a rigid body is the

point at which its weight can be considered to act
when calculating the torque due to the weight.
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR ROTATIONAL MOTION
• Let represent a net tangential force
And represent tangential acceleration
𝐅𝐓
• = ……….(21) r
Thus, the tangential acceleration

• =rα …………..(22)
The net torque produced by the net
tangential force is
= r ……… (23)
• ……………. (24)
•α = I α …… (25)
•Net torque is equal to the product of moment

of inertia and angular acceleration
•Where I = (unit of I is kg. )

ROTATIONAL WORK
• This is the work done by a constant torque in turning
an object through an angle
•= ….. (26) (unit is Joule)
• Note when a bicycle or car is in motion, its tires are
both translating and rotating.
• Hence, the total kinetic energy
• K.E. = ………….. (27)
Where v is the translational speed of the object’s center
of mass, m
Exercises
(1) A woman whose weight is 535 N is
poised at the right end of a diving board.
The board has negligible weight and is
bolted down at the left end, while being
supported near its middle by a fulcrum.
Find the forces and that the bolt and the
fulcrum, respectively exert on the board.
(2):
An 8.0 m ladder of weight 335 N
leans against a smooth vertical wall.
A firefighter, whose weight is 875 N,
stands on the ladder. Calculate the
forces that the wall and ground exert
on the ladder.
y
gxm2
ROTATING ROD L
(Uniform) 0
θ
x
gxm2
gxm1
The torque due to the force about
the point is
……. (28)
The torque due to the force about
the point is
…………… (29)
Hence, the net torque exerted on the system
about the rotating point 0 is
= … (30)
Therefore, angular acceleration
α …………… (31)
A rigid rod of mass M and length is pivoted
without friction at its center. The total moment of inertia
is
… (32)
………… (33)
The magnitude of the angular
momentum is
………… (34)
…… (35)
SOLID SPHERE
• The inertia of a Solid Sphere is
……………. (36)
• Example:
A bowling ball which is in a solid sphere about an
axis through its center has a mass of 6 kg and radius
of 12 cm. Estimate the magnitude of its angular
momentum spinning at 10 rev/s.
•Solution:
= = 0.035 kg.
= 0.035x 10x()
= 2.2 kg. /s
POWER IN A ROTATING BODY
•Power is the rate at which work is done by an
external force in rotating a rigid object about a
fixed axis.
• ………………………. (37)
•Thus, the work done by external forces in
rotating a rigid object about a fixed axis
equals the change in the rotational kinetic
energy of the object
•All homogeneous solid spheres experience
the same speed and acceleration on a given
inclination.
•Thus, the net torque equals time rate of
change of angular momentum
………….. (38)
Where ……… (39)
= …………. (40)
where m is the mass of the particles in
kg and r is the radius.
Exercise
A wheel rotates with a constant angular
acceleration of 3.5 rad/. If the angular
speed of the wheel is 2.0 rad/s at zero
second, through what angle does the
wheel rotate in 2.0 seconds?

6- Rotational motion

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ROTATIONAL MOTION

Principle of Rotational Motion:

A rigid body rotating about the Z – axis where P

radius r and angle θ

θ = 2(rad/s)2 + (3.5)(2) = 11.0 rad.

That is, the tangential acceleration of a point on a rotating

Find the new angular velocity of the blades

rotates with angular speed of 6.0

•(c ) 140 rad/s

(Unit = N.m) ………(17)

That is, the x and y components of the

Hence, the center of gravity of a rigid body is the

Thus, the tangential acceleration

•Net torque is equal to the product of moment

•Where I = (unit of I is kg. )

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