ART APPRECIATION

JHONNY PET TOPASI, LPT,CSE, MAIE

WHAT IS ART?

Vincent van Gogh, Detail of The Starry Night, Oil on canvas, 1889.
Author: Google Art Project, Cropped from original,
Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain
 Art can be 2-
dimensional, like
paintings,
drawings, and
prints.

Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa
Between 1503 and 1516
Oil on poplar wood

Author: Musée du Louvre, Paris Source:

Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain
 Art can be 3-
dimensional,
like
sculptures
and
ceramics.

Charles Rolls
(1877–1910)
UK Art, 1911
 Art can be 4-
dimensional,
utilizing time as an
intrinsic element,
such as in
performance art,
kinetic art, video
art, and sound art.

Nick Cave Soundsuits at YCBA,

Author: Geoff Stearns
Source: Flickr,
License: CC by 2.0
 Louvre Museum, Paris
Author: Musée du Louvre
Source: Pinterest

We find it in museums and galleries.

But we find
it, also, in
the streets.

Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van

Bruggen, Dropped Ice Cream
Cone, Cologne, Germany, 2001.
Author: Raimond Spekking
Source: Wikimedia Commons
License: CC BY-SA 4.0
 and in fields,
Stonehenge, England. c. 2900-1500 BCE.
Author: Penguin and Pia | German
& Canadian Travel Blog
Source: Pinterest
and in caves.

Hall of Bulls at Lascaux II

(replica cave of the original
which is closed to the public)
 What images
come to mind
when you think
of an artist?

Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893,

Author: National Gallery of
Norway, Source: Wikimedia Commons,
License: Public Domain
 Many of our ideas about
artists come from the
modernism of the 20th
century, when artists began
working more independently,
creating works of art that
were personal or expressive
in nature.

Kerry James Marshall, Untitled (Painter),

2009On Exhibit at the Mastry Exhibition
 Saint Louis Bible, Cleric and Illuminator.
Author: Google Art Project,
Source: Wikimedia Commons,
License: Public Domain

But at other moments in history, artists have

been considered much more as craftsmen,
skilled with their hands.
What is the
purpose of art?
The Water Lily Pond,
1899 by Claude
Monet
Art may be a classical
masterpiece showing
heroic, ideal beauty.

Polykleitos, Spear Bearer (Doryphoros)

Roman copy after the original bronze of
c. 450-440 BCE
Art may be an
object, chosen
by an artist,
and placed in
a new context.

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain 1917,

replica 1964
 Art may
be sat
upon.

Peacock Chair,
Kenneth Cobonpue
 It may be up.

It may be
down.
Hagia Sophia 3D Chalk Painting
İstanbul, Turkey On Sreet
 Art expresses the It demonstrates the ways that
culture in which it is our ideals of beauty change
produced. over time.

And art helps define our ideals of beauty within our own time.
Art helps us to see the world around us.
And art expresses our deepest beliefs.
Art tells our story.

The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, ancient Egyptian, ca. 1275 BC,
Ink and paint on papyrusAuthor: British Museum,
Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain
 And so, now let
us begin to look
and appreciate

Artemisia Gentileschi
Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (La Pittura)
Oil on canvas, 1638-1639
Author: Google Art Project
Source: Wikimedia Commons
License: Public Domain
ASSUMPTIONS AND NATURE OF ARTS
CREATIVITY & IMAGINATION
ASSUMPTIONS OF ART

01 ART IS UNIVERSAL

02 ART IS NOT NATURE

ART INVOLVES
03 EXPERIENCE
 ART IS MISCONCEPTIO
N
UNIVERSAL
Art has always been Art is not a
timeless and universal,
spanning to generations factor in
and continents through determining
and through art.
Artists are not ART IS NOT
expected to
duplicate
NATURE
nature just as Art is man’s expression of
even scientist his perception of nature.
cannot make
nature with Art, not directed by
their elaborate representation of reality, is
studies. a perception of reality.
EXAMPLE
 ART INVOLVES
EXPERIENCE
All art depends on experience,
and if one knows art, he must
know it is not a fact or
information, but

EXPERIENCE =
EMOTIONS
❑ It takes an artist to make art. One may perceive beauty on a daily
basis. However, not every beautiful thing that can be seen or
experienced may truly be called a work of art.

❑ Art is a product of man’s creativity, imagination, and expression.

❑ Not everyone can be considered an artist, but all are spectators of art.

❑ We are able to distinguish what is fine and beautiful from what is not
and what good quality is and from poor.

❑ This gives us a role in the field of art appreciation.

 WHAT IS
CREATIVITY?
Creativit
y comes from
the Latin term
creō", "to create,
Something is
creative when…

⮚ We haven’t seen
anything like it
⮚ It is out of
ordinary
⮚ Original
 Art starts in the
Human mind.

It all begins with

IMAGINATION
ART APPRECIATION
AS A WAY OF LIFE
“The role of art as a creative
work is to depict the world in a
completely different light and
perspective”
– Jean-Paul Sartre
 Art Appreciation as a Way of Life
❖ Each artwork beholds beauty in its own kind, the kind that the artist
sees and wants the viewers to perceive.

❖ More often than not, people are blind to this beauty and only those who
have developed a fine sense of appreciation can experience and see
the art the way the artist did.

❖ Hence, refining one’s ability to appreciate arts allows him to deeply

understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize the beauty it
possesses.

❖ In cultivating an appreciation of art, one should also exercise and

develop his taste for things that are fine and beautiful.
 Art Appreciation as
a Way of Life
❖ This allows individuals to make intelligent choices and
decisions in acquiring necessities and luxuries,
knowing what gives better value for time or money
while taking into consideration the aesthetic and
practical value.

❖ Learning to appreciate art no matter what vocation or

profession you have, will lead to a fuller and more
meaningful life.
THE ROLE OF
CREATIVITY IN
ART MAKING
Creativity requires
thinking outside the
box.

In art, creativity is
what sets apart one
artwork from
another.
 When can we say that
something is creative?
✔ When we have not seen
anything like it
✔ When it is out of the
ordinary
✔ When it is not just a copy
or imitation of someone’s
work

ORIGINALITY
Nowadays, being creative can be quite challenging.

Creativity should be backed with careful research on

related art to avoid conflicts.…
ART AS A PRODUCT OF
IMAGINATION, IMAGINATION
AS A PRODUCT OF ART
“Imagination is more important
than knowledge. For knowledge
is limited to all we now know
and understand, while
imagination embraces the entire
world, and all there ever will be
to know and understand.”
– Albert Einstein
❖ Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm, but
goes beyond that.
❖ Through imagination, one is able to craft something bold,
something new, and something better in the hopes of creating
something that will stimulate change.
❖ In artist’s mind sits a vast gallery of artworks
❖ An artwork does not need to be a real thing, but can be
something that is imaginary.
❖ However, something imaginary does not necessarily mean it
cannot be called art. Artists use their imagination that gives
birth to reality through creation.
❖ Imagination allows endless possibilities.
❖ In the same way that imagination produces art, art also
inspires imagination.
ART AS
EXPRESSION

“What an artist does to an emotion is

not to induce it but express it. Through
expression, he is able to explore his
own emotions and at the same time,
create something beautiful out of them.”
– Robin George Collingwood
 ART AS EXPRESSION
❖ Expressing emotions is different from describing
emotions.
❖ This makes people’s art not a reflection of what
is outside or external to them,
❖ but a reflection of their inner selves.
❖ Description actually destroys the idea of
expression, as it classifies the
❖ emotion, making it ordinary and predictable.
Expression on the other hand,
❖ individualizes.
❖ An emotion will remain unknown to a man until
he expresses it.
 ART
EXPRESSIONS
VISUAL
ARTS
❑ Creations that fall under this
category are those that appeals
to the sense of sight and are
mainly visual in nature.

❑ Artists produce visual arts

driven by their desire to
reproduce things that they have
seen in the way that they
perceived them.
 VISUAL
ARTS
❑ There are also other artistic
disciplines that also involve
a visual aspect, such as
performance arts, theater,
and applied arts.

❑ Some mediums of visual

arts include paintings,
drawings, letterings,
printing, sculpture, digital
imaging.
 FILM
❑ Film refers to the art of
putting together
successions of still
images in order to create
an illusion of movement.

❑ Filmmaking focuses on its

aesthetic, cultural, and
social value and is
considered both an art
and an industry.
 FILM
❑ Techniques in film-making process:
– Motion-picture camera (also known
as movie camera)
– Animation techniques
– Computer-generated imagery (CGI)

❑ Filmmaking simulates experiences or

creates one that is beyond the scope
of our imagination as it aims to deliver
ideas, feelings, or beauty to its
viewers.
PERFORMANCE ART
 Performance art is a live art and the artist’s medium is mainly the
human body which he or she uses to perform, but also employs other
kind of art such as visual art, props, or sound.

 Elements of performance arts:

o Time
o Where the performance took place
o The performer’s body
o Relationship between the audience and the performer(s)

 The fact that performance art is live makes it intangible, which

means it cannot be bought or traded as a commodity
 POETRY
PERFORMANCE
Poetry is an art form
where the artist
expresses his emotions
not by using paint,
charcoal, or camera, but
expresses them through
words.
❑ These words are carefully
selected to exhibit clarity and
beauty and to stimulate strong
emotions of joy, anger, love, and
sorrow among others.

❑ It uses a word’s emotional,

musical, and spatial values that
go beyond its literal meaning to
narrate emphasize, argue, or
convince.

❑ These words combined with

movements, tone, volume, and
intensity of the delivery add to
the artistic, value of the poem.
❑ Art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while
architecture is the making of beautiful buildings.
❑ However, not all building are beautiful because some only
embody the functionality they need, but the structure, lines,
forms, and colors are not beautifully expressed.

ARCHITECTURE
 ARCHITECTURE
❑ Important elements:
o Plan
o Construction
o Design

❑ Buildings should embody

these three important
elements if they wish to
merit the title
architecture.
 DANCE
Dance is series of movements
that follows the rhythm of the
music accompaniment.

Dancing is a creative art form

that allows people to freely
express themselves.

IT HAS NO RULES.
 DANCE
Choreography may seem
not to allow this, but in art
expression, dancers are
not confined to set steps
and rules but are free to
create and invent their
own movements as longs
as they deem them
graceful and beautiful.
 LITERARY ART
❑ Artists who practice literary arts use
words to express themselves and
communicate emotions to the
readers.
❑ Simply becoming a writer does not
make one a literary artist.
❑ Literary art goes beyond the usual
professional, academic, journalistic
and other technical forms of writing.
LITERARY ART
❑ It focuses on writing using a
unique style, not following a
specific format or norm.
❑ It may include both fiction and
non-fiction such as novels,
biographies, and poems.
o Romeo and Juliet – William
Shakespeare
o The Little Prince – Antoine
de Saint-Exupery
 THEATER

Theater uses live performers to

present accounts or imaginary
events before a live audience.

Theater art performance usually

follows follow a script, though
they should not be confused
with literary arts.
 THEATER
Like in filmmaking, theater also
considers several elements such as
acting, gesture, lighting, sound
effects, musical score, scenery and
props.
Like performance art, theater also is
a live performance.
Genres: drama, musical, tragedy,
comedy and improvisation.
APPLIED
ARTS
 APPLIED ARTS
❑ Applied arts is incorporating elements
of style and design to everyday items
❑ with the aim of increasing their
aesthetic value.
❑ Artists in this field bring beauty,
charm, and comfort into many things
that
❑ were useful in everyday life.
❑ Industrial design, interior design,
fashion design, graphic design
FUNCTIONS &
PHILOSOPHICA
L
PERSPECTIVES
ON ART
 Aristotelian
end, or telos“telos”
• Every particular substance in the world has an
in Greek, which translates into
“purpose”.
• Telos is intricately linked with function: For a thing
to reach its purpose, it also has to fulfill its
function.
• The telos and function of a thing are both related
to a thing’s identity. What makes a human being a
human being is his capacity for thinking.
• The telos, the function and the “whatness” of a
thing are all interconnected.
FUNCTIONS OF
ART
When one speaks of function, one is
practically talking about the use of the
object whose function is in question.

An inquiry on the
function of art is an
inquiry on what art is
for.
What is the Rizal monument for?
Why was it erected in Rizal Park
or what then was called Luneta or
Bagumbayan?
Is it for pure sentimental value?
Is it for aesthetic value?
Or does it send a message to
those who witness it?
 When it comes to function, different art forms come with
distinctive functions. There is no one-to-one correspondence
between an art and its function. Some art forms are more
functional than others.
The Taj Mahal, a massive
mausoleum of white marble built
in Agra was constructed in
memory of the favorite wife of
the emperor, Shah Jahan.
On the other hand, jewelry-
making as an art is known by its
product
They are considered to be
arts where the value of the art in question lies in the
practical benefits one gains from it.
 What about the practical
function of painting and
literature?
▪ Even if painting and literature are not focusing on
the practical benefits, it can never be the case that
they do not have any function.
▪ Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
▪ They go beyond their literary worth. They are
functional “in so far as they are designed to
accomplish some definite end” (Dudley et al. 1960)
 Art can be generally classified
into two: Directly Functional and
Indirectly Functional.
▪ a) Directly Functional Art – Art that we use in a daily
basis and serves a literal or tangible function in our
lives. (e.g. Clothes, Architectural and Engineering,
Structures, Money, Furniture)
▪ b) Indirectly Functional Art – Art that are ‘perceived
through the senses.” Not used literally to live but
accompanies life (e.g. Painting, Theatre, Literature)
• Both Directly Functional and Indirectly Functional
Arts tend to cross each other’s paths and
change roles or even fuse purposes.
• Some Directly Functional Art have a sole
purpose which is for functionality, but the
designs incorporated made the decorative art
transcend from its basic form to a highly artistic
form of art.
Artistic Functions can
be classified into 4:
1. Aesthetic 3. Social
2. Utilitarian 4. Cultural
 1. Aesthetic
▪ AnFunction
artwork functions aesthetically when it
becomes an instrument for mankind to be
cognizant of its beauty where feelings of joy and
appreciation are manifested.
2. Utilitarian
Function
▪ Art serves this function when it is used to give
comfort, convenience, and happiness to human
beings. It served basic functions such as clothing,
food, and shelter, and other things that make humans
live with happiness and ease.
 3. Social Function
▪ Art serves this purpose when it bridges connection
among people. Also when it encourages unity and good
relationship among people. With this, people become
more understanding and could somehow create a
better society
4. Cultural Function
▪ Art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge,
attitudes, customs, and traditions of different people.
The art helps preserve, share and transmit culture of
people from one generation to another
Classifications
of the
Functions of
Art
 1. Personal
functions of art
▪ The personal functions of art are
varied and highly subjective.
▪ An artist may create an art out of
the need for self-expression.
▪ It can also be mere entertainment
for his intended audience.
▪ An art may also be therapeutic.
 2. Social
functions of art
▪ Art is considered to have a social function if and when
it addresses a particular collective interest as opposed
to a personal interest.
▪ Art may convey message of protest, contestation, or
whatever message the artist intends his work to carry.
▪ Art can also depict social conditions.
▪ Pictures of poverty; performance art like plays or
satires.
 3. Physical
functions of art
▪ The physical functions of art are the
easiest to spot and understand.
▪ They are crafted in order to serve some
physical purpose.
▪ Architecture, jewelry-making and even
interior design are all forms of arts that
have physical function.
 Other functions
ofin itsart
▪ Music original form was principally functional
because it was used for dance and religion. The
ancient world saw music only as an instrument to
facilitate worship and invocation to gods.
▪ Today, music has expanded its function and coverage.
It can be used for self-expression. It is also used as a
wonderful accompaniment to stage plays and motion
pictures.
▪ Music can mean a multitude of meanings to different
people.
 Other functions
of art
▪ Like music, sculptures have been made by man most
particularly for religion from the early days of humanity.
▪ The employment of sculptures for religious purposes
has remained vital, relevant and symbolic.
▪ Sculptures were also made in order to commemorate
important figures in history.
In the University of the Philippines, the iconic statue Oblation by
Guillermo E. Tolentino has remained a pillar of the university
and a constant reminder of the need to offer oneself up
selflessly for the country.
 Other functions
of art
▪ Coins are also manifestations of sculpting’s functions.
⮚ They feature a relief of a famous hero or personality.
▪ Architecture might be the most prominent functional art
form because buildings are huge, expensive and are
not easily constructed and replaced.
⮚ Connection between Function and Form: consideration
of the natural conditions and the social conditions.
⮚ Spanish colonial houses in the Philippine
 Does art always have to
• While it be functional?
has been shown that most arts are
functional, still there are some which are not. The
value of a work of art does not depend on
function but the work itself.
• Meanwhile, those whose functions are
ascertained have a different story. A functional
object cannot be claimed to be beautiful unless it
can perform its function sufficiently.
• Art demands so much more than mere efficiency.
Efficiency cannot be mistaken as beauty
Philosophic
al
Perspective
s on Art
 1. Art as an
imitation
• Plato’s The Republic
• It paints a picture of artists as imitators and art as mere
imitation. In order for the state to be ideal, Plato advised
against the inclusion of art as a subject in the curriculum
and the banning of artists in the Republic.
• He was convinced that artists merely reinforce the belief
in copies and discourage men to reach for the real entities
in the World of Forms.
1. Art as an imitation
Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and artists for
two reasons:
1. They appeal to the emotion rather to the rational
faculty of men
2. They imitate rather than lead one to reality
► Poetry rouses emotions and feelings and thus, clouds rationality
of people. • Art is just an imitation of imitation. A painting is just an
imitation of nature, which is also just an imitation of reality in the
World of Forms.
► For Plato, art is dangerous because it provides a petty
replacement for the real entities than can only be attained through
reason.
Plato’s Theory of
Mimesis
In his theory if Mimesis, Plato
says that all Art is mimetic by
nature; art is an imitation of life.
He believed that ‘idea’ is the
ultimate reality. Art imitates idea
and so it is imitation of reality.
 2. Art as a
representation
• Aristotle: Art is a form of imitation but it is considered
as an aid to philosophy in revealing the truth.
• The kind of imitation that art does is not antithetical
to the reaching of fundamental truths in the world.
• What art endeavors to do is to provide a vision of
what might be or the myriad possibilities in reality.
• Purposes of Art: (1) art allows for the experience of
pleasure for the experience of pleasure (horrible experience
can be made an object of humor) (2) art also has an ability to
be instructive and teach its audience things about life.
(cognitive)
 Aristotle’s
Theory of
Representations
All the Arts have their own techniques and rational
principles, and it is through mastery of these that the
artist/ craftsman brings his conceptions to life. Yes, the
arts of copy nature but their representations are fuller
and more meaningful than nature gives us in the raw.
That is their strength. We do not therefore need to insist
on some moral purpose for art, which is thus free to
represent all manner of things present, past, imagined
or institutionally-required.
3. Art as a disinterested
judgment
• Immanuel Kant considered the judgment of beauty,
the cornerstone of art, as something that can be
universal despite its subjectivity.
• He recognized that judgment of beauty is subjective
but he advanced the proposition that even
subjective judgments are based on some
universal criterion for the said judgment.
• Every human being, after perception and the
free play of his faculties, should recognize the
beauty that is inherent in a work of art.
 3. Art as a disinterested
judgment
How and in what sense
can a judgment of HOW ARE THESE
beauty, which ordinarily
is considered to be a
TWO
subjective feeling, be STATEMENTS
considered objective or DIFFERENT?
universal?
1. “I like this painting.”
• The first is clearly a judgment of taste (subjective), while the second is
an aesthetic judgment (objective).2. “This painting is
• Making an aesthetic judgment requires us beautiful.”
to be disinterested. In other
words, we should try to go beyond our individual tastes and
preferences so that we can appreciate art from a universal standpoint.
 Kant’s “L’Art
por L’Art
(Art for Art’s
Sake)
• Kant argued the purpose of art is to be ‘purposeless’. It
should not have justify any reason of existing and being
valued other than the fact that it is art. Our experience of
art -the ways we appreciate and criticize work – is
therefore wholly commanded by aesthetic pleasure and
delight, separate to the rest of the world.
• Practically speaking, it usually meant that art should
avoid social, political, and moral themes and concentrate
instead on creating beauty, so it really meant “art for the
sake of beauty and its elevating effects.
4. Art as a communication of
emotion
• According to Leo Tolstoy, art plays a huge role in communication to its
audience’s emotions that the artist previously experienced. In the same
that language communicates information to other people, art
communicates emotions.
• Leo Tolstoy defended the production of the sometimes truly extravagant
art, like operas, despite extremely poverty in the world.
• Art serves as a language, a communication device that articulates
feelings and emotions that are otherwise unavailable to the audience.
• As a purveyor of man’s innermost feelings and thoughts, art is
given a unique opportunity to serve as a mechanism for social unity.
• Art serves as a mechanism of cohesion for everyone.
• Art is central to man’s existence because it makes
accessible feelings and emotions of people
from the past and present.
Art as an
escape
• “ The ceremony of art touches the deepest realms of he psyche
and he sacred dimension of the artistic creative process. The
sacred level of art not only transforms something into art, but
also transforms the artist at the very core of his or her being.
This way of doing and relating to art makes the process and
context of art-making infinitely more important than the product.”
• It’s an escape from the hustle and bustle of a long active day of
work and meetings. It’s an escape from the chaos that our
uncertain thoughts cause within us. It’s an escape our unrelating
running footsteps that we focus on more intensely than
reminding ourselves to take magical depths of deep breaths.
 ARTISTIC
NeverINTEGRITY
settle for anything but your
absolute best effort – an effort that
may be exhausting and frustrating
but that will ultimately serve you in
good stead as an artist and as a
human being
 CONSONANCE and
DISSONANCE
The impression of stability and repose
(consonance) in relation to the impression
of tension or clash (dissonance)
experienced by a listener when certain
combinations of tones or notes are
sounded together
 SCALE and
• PROPORTION
Scale refers to the size of an object (as a whole
in relationship to another object (as another
whole). In art the size relationship between an
object and the human body is significant.
• Proportion refers to the relative size of parts of
a whole (elements within an object). We often
think of proportions in terms of size
relationships within the human body.
 CLARITY and
• RADIANCE
A clear design values clarity over novelty. (Clear
instead of clever.) Novel for novel’s sake is for
designers who create solutions for themselves.
Solutions that don’t value goals or problems.
• Radiance is a type of glowing: either from a light
source like the sun or a healthy, beaming
person.
THE REPRESENTIONAL
THEORY
• States that the fundamental,
definitive quality of art is the
ability to capture some
aspect of reality.
 THE
SUBJECT
• The Subject of art refers to any person, object, scene
or event described or represented in a work of art.
• Representational (e.g. Paintings, Sculptures, etc.)
• Non-Representational (e.g. Architectural Structures)
• Many contemporary painters have turned away from
representational to non-objective painting. They have
shifted their attention to the work of art as an object in
itself, an exciting combination of shapes and colors that
fulfills an aesthetic need without having to represent
images or tell a story.
• Many modern paintings are like this making them more
difficult to comprehend
 WAYS OF
REPRESENTIN
G SUBJECTS
 REALISM/ NATURALISM
Generally the attempt to represent
subject matter truthfully, without
artificiality and avoiding artistic
conventions, or implausible, exotic, and
supernatural elements.
 ABSTRACTION
• The artist selects and renders the objects with
their shapes, colors and positions altered.
• In others, the original objects have been
reduced to simple geometric shapes and they
can be rarely identified unless the artist named
in in title.
• Artist’s concern is the rendering of the
essence of the subjects rather than the natural
DISTORTION
• Could mean twisting,
stretching or deforming the
natural shape of the object.
• It is usually done to
dramatize the shape of a
figure or to create an
emotional effect.
 SURREALISM
• It is a method where the artist in giving
expression to what it is in the
subconscious composes dreamlike
scenes that show an irrational
arrangement of objects.
• The images are recognizable,
sometimes drawn from the nature but
they are so combined in utterly fantastic
 KINDS &
SOURCES OF
SUBJECTS
 KINDS & SOURCES OF
SUBJECTS
• Nature • Religion and
• Animals Mythology
• Portrait or Human • Dreams and
Figures Fantasies
• History and • Cityscapes
Legends • Seascapes
•
 ART and
BEAUTY
• “Beauty is in the Phi of the Beholder.”
• Dr. Stephen Marquardt has studies human beauty for years
in his practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Dr.
Marquardt performed cross-cultural surveys on beauty and
found that all groups had the same perceptions of facial
beauty.
• 1.618:1
• This particular relationship is the Golden Ratio. It is a
mathematical ratio that seems to appear recurrently in
beautiful things in nature as well as in other things that are
THE UGLY AND THE TRAGIC IN ART
• There is nothing that may be considered as in
improper subject when it comes to art.
• The grotesque the ugly, and the tragic are all
legitimate subjects as the pleasurable and the
beautiful are.
• Many, in fact, have often deviated away from the
stereotyped and beautiful subjects.
• The greatest play, movies, and musicals are invariably
tragedies.
• And many our songs speak about love denied or lost.
 CONTENT
(Levels of Meaning)
Factual Conventional
Meaning Meaning
The literal statement
or the narrative
content in the work Refers to the special
which can be directly meaning that a certain
apprehended because object or color has a
the objects presented particular culture or
are easily recognized. group of people.
 Subjective Meaning
Any personal meaning consciously or
unconsciously conveyed by the artist
using a private symbolism which stems
from his own association of certain
objects, actions or colors with past
experiences
 ART APPRECIATION

ARTIST AND
ARTISANS;PRODUCTION
PROCESS, MEDIUM,
TECHNIQUE, CURATION
WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
ARTIST AND
ARTISAN?
 ARTIST VS. ARTISAN
-AN ARTIST IS A PERSON WHO -AN ARTIST IS A CRAFTSMAN SUCH AS
PERFORMS ALL FORMS OF CARPENTER, CARVER. PLUMBER,
CREATIVE ARTS. THE WORD " BLACKSMITH, WEAVER.
ARTIST" IS GENERALLY DEFINED AS EMBROIDERER,AND THE LIKE WHO
AN ART PRACTITIONER, SUCH AS A PRODUCES DIRECTLY FUNCTIONAL
PAINTER, SCULPTOR, AND/OR DECORATIVE ARTS
CHOREOGRAPHER, DANCER, -HELP US IN MEETING OUR BASIC
WRITER, POET, MUSICIANS, AND NEEDS, SUCH AS FOOD, SHELTER,
THE LIKE, WHO PRODUCES OR CLOTHING, DWELLING, FURNITURE;
CREATES INDIRECTLY FUNCTIONAL THEY CRAFT EVERYTHING THAT MAKES
ARTS WITH AESTHETIC VALUE USING OUR LIFE EASIER
IMAGINATION.
 ARTIST VS. ARTISAN
-ARE CREATIVE INDIVIDUALS WHO USE
-IS BASICALLY A PHYSICAL
THEIR IMAGINATION AND SKILLS TO
COMMUNICATE IN AN ART FORM. WORKER WHO OBJECTS WITH
-LOOK TO MANY SOURCES FOR HIS OR HER HANDS, AND
INSPIRATION
-EXHIBIT THE COURAGE TO TAKE RISK
WHO THROUGH SKILL,
-THEY ARE ABLE TO SEE THEIR EXPERIENCE, AND ABILITY
SURROUNDINGS IN NEW AND UNUSUAL
WAYS.
CAN PRODUCE THINGS OF
-SOME ARTISTS AE SELF-TAUGHT AD HE GREAT BEAUTY, AS WELL AS
BEEN CALLED FOLK -ARTIST BECAUSE
USEFULLNESS.
THEY ARE NOT EDUCATED IN
TRADITIONAL ARTISTIC METHODS
ARTIST VS. ARTISAN
 CURATOR
- CURATOR, WHO IS A MANAGER OR OVERSEER, AND
USUALLY A CURATOR OR KEEPER OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
INSTITUTION IS A CONTENT SPECIALIST CHARGED WITH
AN INSTITUTIONS COLLECTIONS

-TOBE SUCCESSFUL, A CURATOR SHOULD BE

ORGANIZED, PASSIONATE, KNOWLEDGEABLE, ADEPT AT
MULTI-TASKING, AND PROFICIENT AT WRITING
 ART BUYER
- IS A PROFESSIONAL WHO IS KNOWLEDGEABLE IN ART
WHO MAY SCOUT TALENTS FOR AN ADVERTISING AGENCY
SEEKING TO EMPLOY AN ART DIRECTOR, WHO MAY LOOK
FOR AN ART FOR A COLLECTOR OR A COMPANY

ART DEALER
- A PERSON OR A COMPANY THAT BUYS AND SELLS
WORKS OF ART. IT OFTEN STUDY THE HISTORY OF ART
BEFORE STARTING THEIR CAREER.
 3 STAGES IN ART MAKING
1. PRE- PRODUCTION OR SUBJECT DEVELOPMENT

- THIS ENDS WHEN THE PLANNING ENDS, AND THE CONTENT STARTS BEING
PRODUCED

2. PRODUCTION OR MEDIUM MANIPULATION

- A METHOD OF JOINING DIVERSE MATERIAL INPUTS AND UNIMPORTANT INPUTS
-ACT OF CREATING OUTPUT, A GOOD OR SERVICE THAT HAS SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTES
TO THE UTILITY OF INDIVIDUALS.

3. POST PRODUCTION (COMPLETION) OR EXHIBITION

- ONCE AN ARTWORK IS FINISHED, IT WILL BE DISPLAYED CIRCULATED, AND PERFORMED FOR
THE AUDIENCE AND PUBLIC TO SEE OR WATCH
 MEDIUM VS TECHNIQUE
- REFERS TO THE MATERIALS THAT - REFERS TO THE ARTISTS ABILITY
ARE USED BY AN ARTIST TO CREATE AND KNOWLEDGE OR TECHNICAL
A WORK OF AR. THE PLURAL FOR OF KNOW-HOW IN MANIPULATING THE
MEDIUM IS MEDIA. WITHOUT THE MEDIUM. IT IS THE MANNER BY
MEDIUM, AN IDEA REMAINS A WHICH THE ARTIST CONTROL THE
CONCEPT OR IT WOULD JUST DWELL MEDIUM TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED
IN THE WALLS OF THE ARTISTS EFFECTS;THUS, IT IS IN THE
IMAGINATION. TECHNIQUE THAT ARTIST DIFFER
FROM ONE ANOTHER.
 ART APPRECIATION

ELEMENTS AND
PRINCIPLES
OF
ARTS
- THE VISUAL ART TERMS
SEPARATE INTO THE ELEMENTS
AND PRINCIPLES OF ART. THE
ELEMENTS OF ART ARE COLOR,
FORM, LINE, SHAPE, SPACE AND
TEXTURE. THE PRINCIPLES OF
ARTS ARE SCALE, PROPORTION
UNITY, VARIETY,RHYTHM, MASS,
SHAPE SPACE BALANCE, VOLUME,
PERSPECTIVE AND DEPTH.
 ELEMENTS OF ARTS
COLOR
- COLOR IS THE VISUAL PERCEPTION SEEN BY THE HUMAN EYE.THIS CONVEYS
FEELINGS AND MOODS WITHIN THE PAINTING OR ANY ARTS. COLOR CONTAINS
CHARACTERISTICES LIKE HUE, VALUE AND SATURATION.

FORM
- GIVES SHAPE TO A PIECE OF ART, WHETHER IT IS THE CONSTRAINTS OF A
LINE IN A PAINTING OR THE EDGE OF THE SCULPTURE. IT IS ALSO THE
EXPRESSION OF ALL THE FORMAL ELEMENTS OF ART IN A PIECE OF WORK
 ELEMENTS OF ARTS
LINE
- PRIMARILY A DOT OR SERIES OF DOTS. THE DOTS FORM A LINE, WHICH CAN
VARY IN THICKNESS COLOR AND SHAPE. A LINE IS A TWO DIMENSIONAL SHAPE
UNLESS THE ARTIST GIVES IT VOLUME OR MASS. MULTIPLE LINES DEVELOPS
INTO A DRAWING MORE RECOGNIZABLE THAN A LINE CREATING A FORM
RESEMBLING THE OUTSIDE OF IT'S SHAPE.

SHAPE
- DEFINES AS HAVING SOME SORT OF OUTLINE OR BOUNDARY, WHETHER THE
SHAPE IS TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONAL. THE SHAPE CAN BE GEOMETRIC
(KNOWN SHAPE) OR ORGANIC (FREE FORM SHAPE)
 ELEMENTS OF ARTS
SPACE
- IS THE AREA AROUND THE FOCAL POINT OF THE ART PIECE AND MIGHT BE
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE, SHALLOW OR DEEP, OPEN. OR CLOSED. SPACE IS THE
AREA AROUND THE ART FORM; IN THE CASE OF A BUILDING, IT IS THE AREA
BEHIND, OVER. INSIDE, OR NEXT TO THE STRUCTURE

TEXTURE
- CAN BE ROUGH OR SMOOTH TO THE TOUCH, IMITATING A PARTICULAR FEEL
OR SENSATION. THE TEXTURE IS ALSO HOW YOUR EYE PERCEIVES A SURFACE,
WHETHER IT IS FLAT WITH LITTLE TEXTURE OR DISPLAYS VARIATIONS ON THE
SURFACE, IMITATING ROCK, WOOD, STONEZ FABRIC.
 PRINCIPLES OF ARTS
BALANCE
- REFERS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEIGHT IN THE APPARENT WEIGHT OF
THE PIECE. ARCHES ARE BUILT FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND TO HOLD THE
ROOF IN PLACE, ALLOWING FOR PASSAGE OF PEOPLE BELOW THE ARCH AND
CREATING BALANCE VISUALLY AND STRUCTURALLY.

CONTRAST
- DEFINED AS THE DIFFERENCE IN COLORS TO CREATE A PIECE OF VISUAL ART.
CAN ALSO BE SUBTLE WHEN USING MONOCHROMATIC COLORS, GIVING
VARIETY AND UNITY THE FINAL PIECE OF ART.
 PRINCIPLES OF ARTS
EMPHASIS
- CAN BE COLOR, UNITY, BALANCE, OR ANY OTHER PRINCIPLE OR ELEMENT OF
ART USED TO CREATE A FOCAL POINT.

RHYTHM/ MOVEMENT
- RHYTHM IN A PIECE OF ART DENOTES A TYPE OF REPETITION USED TO
EITHER DEMONSTRATE MOVEMENT OR EXPANSE. FOR INSTANCE, IN A
PAINTING OF WAVES CRASHING, A VIEWER WILL AUTOMATICALLY SEE THE
MOVEMENT AS THE WAVE FINISHES. THE USE OF BOLD AND DIRECTIONAL
BRUSHWORK WILL ALSO PROVIDE MOVEMENT IN A PAINTING.
 PRINCIPLES OF ARTS
PROPORTION/SCALE
- PROPORTION IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITEMS IN A PAINTING, FOR EXAMPLE,
BETWEEN THE SKY AND MOUNTAINS. IF THE SKY IS MORE THAN TWO-THIRDS OF THE
PAINTING, IT LOOKS OUT OF PROPORTION. THE SCALE IN ART IS SIMILAR TO
PROPORTION, AND IF SOMETHING IS NOT TO SCALE, IT CAN LOOK ODD. IF THERE IS A
PERSON IN THE PICTURE AND THEIR HANDS ARE TOO LARGE FOR THEIR BODY, THEN
IT WILL LOOK OUT OF SCALE. ARTISTS CAN ALSO USE SCALE AND PROPORTION TO
EXAGGERATE PEOPLE OR LANDSCAPES TO THEIR ADVANTAGE
 PRINCIPLES OF ARTS
UNITY AND VARIETY
- IN ART, UNITY CONVEYS A SENSE OF COMPLETENESS, PLEASURE WHEN VIEWING
THE ART, AND COHESIVENESS TO THE ART, AND HOW THE PATTERNS WORK
TOGETHER BRINGS UNITY TO THE PICTURE OR OBJECT. AS THE OPPOSITE OF UNITY,
VARIETY SHOULD PROVOKE CHANGES AND AWARENESS IN THE ART PIECE. COLORS
CAN PROVIDE UNITY WHEN THEY ARE IN THE SAME COLOR GROUPS, AND A SPLASH
OF RED CAN PROVIDE VARIETY.
 PRINCIPLES OF ARTS
PATTERN
- PATTERN IS THE WAY SOMETHING IS ORGANIZED AND REPEATED IN ITS SHAPE OR
FORM AND CAN FLOW WITHOUT MUCH STRUCTURE IN SOME RANDOM REPETITION.
PATTERNS MIGHT BRANCH OUT SIMILAR TO FLOWERS ON A PLANT OR FORM SPIRALS
AND CIRCLES AS A GROUP OF SOAP BUBBLES OR SEEM IRREGULAR IN THE CRACKED,
DRY MUD. ALL WORKS OF ART HAVE SOME SORT OF PATTERN EVEN THOUGH IT MAY
BE HARD TO DISCERN; THE PATTERN WILL FORM BY THE COLORS, THE
ILLUSTRATIONS, THE SHAPE, OR NUMEROUS OTHER ART METHODS.
ART
HISTORY
(Asian, Western,
Philippines)
CAVE ART, EGYPTIAN AND
GREEK
CAVE ART
– The art of paleolithic
humans represented
by drawings and
painting on the walls
of cave.
CAVE ART, EGYPTIAN AND
EGYPTIAN
GREEK – Egyptian art has
order and continuity. Death and
afterlife were common themes. The
purpose of this art is religious and to
impose order.
• Art produce in Egypt includes
paintings, sculptures, drawing
on papyrus, faience, jewelry,
ivories, architecture and other
art media.
CAVE ART, EGYPTIAN AND
GREEK
GREEK
- Includes idealized
depictions of the human
body, in which largely
nude male figures were
generally the focus of
innovation and also the
Architecture and
buildings.
 ROMAN & MEDIAVAL
• ROMAN –
Roman art refers to
the visual arts
made in Ancient
Rome and in the
territories of the
roman empire.
Roman art includes
architecture,
painting, sculpture
and mosaic work.
ROMAN & MEDIAVAL
MEDIAVAL – MEDIEVAL ART —
Which includes A wide variety of art
and architecture—refers to A period
also known as the middle ages, which
roughly spanned from the fall of the
roman empire in 476 A.D. To the early
stages of the renaissance in the 14th
century. Work produced during this era
emerged from the artistic heritage of
the roman empire and the iconographic
style of the Early Christian Church,
fused with the “barbarian” culture of
Northern Europe.
CHINESE PRINTING AND
JAPANESE PRINT
CHINESE PRINTING – The process of printing starts in China.
Because of this process a variety of items like calendars and religious
texts are produced. Chinese woodblock were first used to print designs in
silk or cloth. Then the creation of paper came. Paper was made by
creating a mix of bark and rags that would float on water. Before the
invention of printing everything had to be written by hand. This took a long
time and meant that books and other written materials were very rare and
expensive. Around 220 ad the Chinese began printing pictures on silk and
other fabrics. Then around 650 ad they began printing on paper using
wooden blocks. However, woodblock prints were not regarded as an art
form of its own. They were rather meant as a means to make a precise
reproduction of existing paintings.
CHINESE PRINTING AND
JAPANESE PRINT
JAPANESE PRINTING – is a technique best known
for its use in the ukiyo-e Artistic genre of single sheets, but it
was also used for printing books in the same period. The
Japanese water-based inks provide a wide range of Vivid
colors, glazes, and transparency.
WOODBLOCK PRINTING – A technique for printing
text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia
and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing
on textiles and later paper.
CHINESE PRINTING AND
JAPANESE PRINT
RENNAISSEAN AND MANNERISM,
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
• RENAISSANCE – Move away from purely spiritual
concerns to more human and classical.
• MANNERISM – Mannerism is a style that emerged in 1530
and lasted until the end of the century. It is named after
Maniera, an Italian term for “style” or “Manner,” and refers to
a stylized, exaggerated approach to painting and sculpture.
• BAROQUE – Response to reformation more theatrical and
dramatic scenes and depictions to attract commoners.
• ROCOCO – Appealed to wealthy class or nobility .
RENNAISSEAN AND MANNERISM,
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
 NEO-CLASSICISM AND
ROMANTIC AND REALISM
• NEO-CLASSICISM – as a western
cultural movement in the decorative and visual
arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture
that drew inspiration from the art and culture of
classical antiquity.
• It is a revivalist aesthetic movement, meaning
that it rehashes or Reconstructs the visual
patterns and styles of a bygone era. In
neoclassicism these are characterized by nude
or semi-nude figures in melodramatic poses
• And scenes with draperies, references to ancient Greco-Roman polytheism and
Mythology, references to Greco-Roman sculpture and architecture, and lots of
ornate floral and botanical motifs.
 NEO-CLASSICISM AND
ROMANTIC
ROMANTICISM
AND REALISM
– embraced emotion, exotic,
“aesthetic experience”, “The Sublime”, originality and
imagination

REALISM
– describe things
represent figures
and exactly how
they look like in
real life.
- The artists portrays the subject as ease.
- The artist portrays subjects coming from nature,
with the exact replica of what the objects are.
IMPRESSIONISM AND POST-
IMPRESSIONISM
• IMPRESSIONISM – the artist depicts
what stimulates the eye. They are more
concerned with the effects of lights that would
get the attention of the audience.
• POST-IMPRESSIONISM – It is
characterized by a subjective approach to
painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion
rather than realism in their work.
NEO-
IMPRESSIONISM
NEO-IMPRESSIONISM – refers to a
pictorial technique where color pigments are no
longer mixed either on the palette or directly on
canvas, but instead placed as small dots side by
side.
SYMBOLISM AND ART
NAVEAU
• SYMBOLISM – the visible sign of something
invisible such as ideas or quality.
- symbolism possesses some difficulty at
understanding.
• ART NOUVEAU – is characterized by its
use of a long sinuous, organic line and was
employed most often in architecture, interior
design, jewelry and glass design, posters and
illustrations.
 FAUVISM AND
EMPRESSIONISM
FAUVISM – it employs colors to express the
emotions of the artist.
- the artist uses bright and extreme colors in
order to assume positive characters.
EXPRESSIONISM – artistic style in which
the artist tried to describe not the objective reality
but the subjective emotions objects and events that
are out of him.
CUBISM AND
FUTURISM
• CUBISM – artists used geometric figures like
cones, sphere and cylinders.
- it shows the flatness of the picture and
rejects traditional perspective.
• FUTURISM – characterized by technology,
modernity, youth, and speed. It Includes objects in
an urbanized cities.
ABSTRACT OR NON-
OBJECTIVE
• ABSTRACT – there is no subject
but only his feelings and ideas. you
cannot figure out the subject/object.
- refers to visual works that move
beyond reality as contrasted to
realism.
 PHOTO-REALISM
INSTALLATION ARTS
PHOTO-REALISM
– a genre of art that INSTALLATION
encompasses painting,
drawing and other graphic ARTS
media, in which an artist – it is the term for works,
studies photograph and room-sized or larger, in
then attempts to reproduce which the whole space is
the image as realistically as considered a single
possible in another
unified artwork.
medium.
 SOULMAKING (SOUL,
SOUND, & STRUCTURE)
SOULMAKING
 WHAT IS A “SOUL”?
(Hillman, 1997)
“ By soul I mean, first of all, a perspective
rather than a substance, a viewpoint toward
things rather than a thing itself.

This perspective is reflective; it mediates

events and makes differences between
ourselves and everything that happens.”

“Between us and events, between the doer and

the deed, there is a reflective moment – and
soulmaking means differentiating this middle
ground.’’
 WHAT IS
SOULMAKING?
Noy Narcisso applied the
psychological concept of
soulmaking in his art
practice.

It is about crafting images

derived from a person’s
experience expressed
through any form art.
 WHAT IS SOULMAKING?

It puts importance in
nourishing particular
experiencees to allow us
to understand our
humanity by being more
considerate and have an
appreciation of life.
DA VINCIAN
PRINCIPLES
WHO WAS
LEONARDO DA
VINCI?
(Gelb, 1999)
Leonardo da Vinci is
considered the renaissance
man who excelled in art,
mathematics, architecture,
philosophy, military
planning, etc.
 DA VINCIAN
PRINCIPLES
What are the Da
Vincian Principles?
These were characteristic traits of Da
Vinci based from studies of his archives.

These were believed to be the practice of

Da Vinci in approaching his world during
the time of the renaissance.

These encompass both humanities and

science.
DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES

❑ Curiosita
❑ Dimostrazione
❑ Sensazione
❑ Sfumato
❑ Arte/Scienza
❑ Corporalita
❑ Connessione
CURIOSITA DEMOSTRAZIONE
Curiosita is an
insatiably Demostrazione is a
curious commitment to test
approach to life knowledge through
and an experience,
unrelenting persistence, and
quest for willingness to learn
continuous from mistakes
learning.
 Sensazione

Sensazione is the continual

refinement of senses,
especially sight, as the
means to enliven
experience.
SFUMATO
Sfumato is the
willingness to
embrace
ambiguity,
paradox, and
uncertainty.
Arte/ Scienza

Arte/scienza is
the development
of the balance
between science
and art, logic
and imagination.
CORPORALITA

Corporalita is the
cultivation of grace,
ambidexterity,
fitness and poise.
Connessione
Connessione is a
recognition and
appreciation for the
interconnectedness
of all things and
phenomena.
 DA VINCIAN
PRINCIPLES
What are the Da
Vincian Principles?
These principles are what we can
apply when we are approaching
our contemporary times of turmoil
and struggle.
Through these principles, we can
become reflective of how we live
through the contemporary digital
age.
 2ND GRADE

WORKSHOPS on
IMPROVISATIONS ,
INSTALLATION,
TRANSCREATION
 IMPROVISATION
What is improvisation? (Bresnahan,
2015)

Improvisation highlights creativity,

immediacy, innovation, and spontaneity
as a part of its product and activity.
Improvisation exists not only in the arts
but in many other fields.
Philippines and
Improvisation
The Culture of Improvisation in the Philippines
 Since the Philippines is
situated in the "typhoon
belt" and the “Pacific
Ring of Fire," natural
calamities are a
common occurrence.
Filipinos have learned to
be resilient, resourceful,
and innovative.
A house that was built for years
can be easily destroyed in one
night, thus our early ancestors
never erected permanent
residential structures.

The structures constructed

were adaptable, something that
could be built and rebuilt in a
short period of time.
 An example of this cultural
improvisation is the bahay
kubo (nipa hut).

Geography and climate,

available natural building
materials, and local
construction skills influenced
the design and construction of
the bahay kubo.
However, in contemporary
times, bahay kubo is
known to be the dwelling
of the peasants. When
peasants move to the city,
they bring with them their
ability to make use of
whatever is available. In
the urban setting, the
bahay kubo evolves into a
barong-barong.
Like the bahay kubo, the barong-
barong is built with speed not
only to avoid unfavorable
weather, but also to evade
landowners and authorities.

Rebuilding of the barong-barong

is just as easy once it is
damaged by natural calamities,
or in most cases, destroyed by
demolition drives.
Improvisation
in the Arts
How is improvisation applied in the arts?
 What is
improvisation?

(Bresnahan, 2015)

In a general sense, improvisation is

spontaneous, unplanned or
otherwise free-ranging creativity.
Certain performances or products
of artistic activity are referred to as
improvisations when they have
been produced in a spontaneous
 Dance Improvisation
Body as the center of experience
(Khulmann, 2004)

All experiences are

made through our
bodies.

The body is the focus

of experience and
perception.
Improvisational
performance examines
the body as the
medium of art in the
form of dance.

It puts into question

what are the
boundaries of dance
performance.
As a postmodern art
form that developed in
the 1950's, it is
reflective of itself.

It questions not just its

form, but also its limits.
Sound Improvisation
 Sound Improvisation
The extemporaneous composition or free
performance of a musical passage, usually
in a manner conforming to certain stylistic
norms but unfettered by the prescriptive
features of a specific musical text.

“the creation of music in the course

of performance

Music that is created by the performer

during the moment of performance
 Theater
Improvisation
What is improv theater?
(Rappler, 2017)
Improv is a form of theatre
and performance where
everything is unrehearsed
and unscripted.
All the scenes and stories
are created on the spot.
LOCAL ARTS
 LOCAL ARTS
Crafting Images – refers to imaging or representing in any form which
may be through painting, sculpting, drawing, storytelling, poetry,
dancing, composing, or taking notes.

Crafting Stories – the way we write, engrave and inscribed our own
thoughts, ideas, comments, criticisms and positive and negative
emotions.

Crafting Instruments Performance – transforming any found or

used object into musical instrument that allows one to discover
harmony and balance to produce a sound that is entertaining and
magical.
 INDIGENOUS ARTS
Philippine archipelago has, it offers unique places and
cultures where all forms of arts and crafts can flourish,
some can be considered spectacular by the outsider,
such as the Ifugao rice terraces that native Ifugaos built
by hand, our own version of the Great Pyramids.
Philippine arts may not be as popular as other Asian arts
such as Japanese and Chinese, but it doesn’t mean that
it is any less spectacular, or diminishes the variety,
originality, and creativity of the Filipinos.
 ARCHITECTURE
INDIGENOUS ART
Wander over the world heritage site,
Banaue Rice Terraces, Eighth Wonder
of the World, carved from the high
Cordilleras over 2,000 years ago.
These rice terraces were carved out of
the mountains by the native Ifugao
people. The Ifugaos made the walls
out of hardened mud and clay while
they flattened the slopes it could hold
water essential for rice growth. It had
been the way of life of the Ifugao
mountain tribes for the past 2,000
years, kept alive up to this day.
SCULPTURE
INDIGENOUS ART

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork

created by shaping or combining hard
materials, typically stone such as marble,
metal, glass, or wood, or plastic materials
such as clay, textiles,polymers and softer
metals. Carving is one of the techniques
used in sculpture.

In the north, the indigenous tradition of

sculpture survived the zealous
proselytizing of the Roman Catholic
Church only among the mountain peoples.
SCULPTURE
INDIGENOUS ART

The most important type of sculpture, in

its quality, quantity and continuing use,
are the wooden bulul or bulol carved by
Ifugao craftsmen of Mountain Province,
Luzon. Often made in pairs, male and
female, bulul represent guardian dieties
and are placed in rice granaries to ensure
beautiful rice.
 WEAVING
INDIGENOUS ART
Weaving means to make cloth and
other objects. Threads or strands of
material are passed under and over
each other.

Weaving in the Philippines has

different forms, functions and
materials. They also vary in design
and techniques used. Most of the
common forms of weaving in the
Philippines are in the form of hats,
mats, bags, baskets and textiles
(clothes and blankets).
WEAVING
INDIGENOUS ART

Ilocano of Northwestern Philippines is

well-known for their hand weaving
while the people of Aklan are known
for basket weaving. Most weaving
industry is found in Mindanao
regions. One of the common
materials in this region is called
malong which is historically used as a
skirt and sometimes as a blanket.
 POTTERY
INDIGENOUS ART

Filipino potters make pots of different

sizes, shapes, and designs, which are
usually geometric with stylized nature-
themed motifs. Functional pieces are
made as the need arise. An example of
this is the “palayok”, which is used for
cooking, “banga” and “tapayan” are
used for storing liquids. There is also
the clay-made stove or “kalan”. The
“burnay” pottery in Ilocos Sur is still a
lively tradition that continues to the
present.
 BODY ORNAMENT
INDIGENOUS ART

Physical ornamentation can be

categorized into three areas specifically
the use of traditional costumes (textile),
jewelries and tattoos. The designs vary
depending on the location, users and
function of the ornaments. Since the
early 16th century, jewelry making in
the country has been practiced in the
country. It is believed that the skills of
the early Filipino jewelry-makers are
adopted from their Asian neighbors like
the Chinese.
 BODY ORNAMENT
INDIGENOUS ART
Non-Muslim people in Mindanao decorate their
colorful and distinctive costumes with glass
beads, shells and metal bells and chains. Their
jewelry materials include coral and fibers; forms
of jewelry include earplugs as well as earrings.
Old beads are highly prized, especially agate
beads before Kalingas, and Igorot girls are given
a head ornament of agate beads before they
reach puberty. Ifugao men wear tooth
necklaces, believed to impart good luck, and the
Ubus wear etched shell amulets to protect them.
Necklaces made from roots and bark are worn
by them to ward off sickness.
 MUSLIM
ARTS
Islamic art is characterized by designs
of flowers, plant forms and geometric
designs. It is used in calligraphy,
architecture painting, clothing and
other forms of fine art. As Islam spread
around the world, this distinct form of
art has become an integral part of the
identity of its followers, including the
Philippines
CHARACTERISTICS
OF ISLAMIC ART
1. It is characterized by
designs of flowers, plant
forms and geometric
designs. These Muslim
designs are used in
calligraphy, architecture
painting, clothing and other
forms of fine art.
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF ISLAMIC ART
2. Mosques in the
Philippines have a common
architectural feature that is
similar with its Southeast
Asian neighbors. Most
mosques are structurally
patterned after the design
of its Middle eastern
counterparts.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF ISLAMIC ART
3. The only reminders
of Filipino Muslim art
inside mosques is the
traditional art form
known as Okkir. This
art form is believed to
be of Hindu and
Chinese influences.
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF ISLAMIC ART
4. The Sarimanok is a
legendary bird of the Maranao
people who originate from
Mindanao, an island in the
Philippines. It comes from the
words “sari” and “manok.”
“Sari” means cloth or garment,
which is generally of assorted
colors.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF ISLAMIC ART
5. Philippine Muslim
homes represent their
identity therefore Islamic
art is seen in their
houses. These houses
usually contain framed
calligraphy of Qu’ran
passages in its walls.
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF ISLAMIC ART
6. Clothing reflects the style and
colors of their ethnic background. A
design related to Islam that is used in
the Philippines is the batik cloth
design. The kind of design traces its
influence from Indonesia. It contains
abstract themes with geometric and
floral design. However, human and
animal depiction is a rare motif in
batik.
CHRISTIAN
 PAINTING
CHRISTIAN ART

The Spanish friars introduced Western painting in the

Philippines to artisans who learned to copy on two-
dimensional form from the religious icons that the friars
brought from Spain. For the first centuries of Spanish
colonization, painting was limited to religious icons. Portraits
of saints and of the Holy Family became a familiar sight in
churches. Other subject matters include the passion of
Christ, the Via Crucis, the crucifixion, portrayal of heaven
and hell.
THE LAST SUPPER
 PAINTING
CHRISTIAN ART
Several Filipino painters had the chance to study and work
abroad. Among them were Juan Novicio Luna and Felix
Resureccion Hidalgo who became the first International Artists
when they won the gold and silver medals in the 1884 Madrid
Exposition. Luna’s academic painting Spoliarium won gold
medal. It showed the dead and dying Roman Gladiators being
dragged into the basement of the Coliseum. It is often
interpreted as an allusion to Imperial Spain’s oppression of the
natives. Though winning the gold medal , Luna was not
awarded the Medal of Excellence, the top award for the
competition, because he was a Filipino.
SPOLIARIUM
JUAN LUNA
ARCHITECTURE
CHRISTIAN ART
Most of the architectural
formation that is influenced by
Christianity is profound on the
Churches. Next structure would
be on schools that are originally
founded by Catholic missionaries
that preached Catholicism. Later
on, the influences entered on
Filipino houses that mixed up
with the knowledge of Chinese
feng shui.
 ARCHITECTURE
CHRISTIAN ART

The early houses that were built during the Spanish eras include a place
of worship called the altar. It is also common that these houses contain
statues of different saints, images of Mary, Christ and other religious items.

Rehabilitation and reconstruction confronted the country after World War

II. From this period onto the 70s, Philippine architecture was dominated by
the American style. The independent Philippines expressed its identity
implementing Modernism through the utilization of reinforced concrete,
steel and glass, the predominance of cubic forms, geometric shapes and
Cartesian grids, and the absence of applied decoration.
 CONTEMPORARY ART
Contemporary art is the art of the present, which is
continuously in process and in flux. A statement that
an artist makes about life, thoughts, ideas, beliefs,
and many other things that define human life. Art is
the expression of one’s feelings through creating
something out of their imagination. Contemporary art
is art produced at the present period in time.
 CONTEMPORARY ART
Contemporary art includes and develops from Postmodern art,
which is itself successor to Modern Art.

With the advent of modernism, many Philippine arts were

developing particularly in the field of sculpture where there is a shift
in sculptural process which led to an almost complete freedom of
materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked
by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modeling, or
molded, or cast. Foremost of which is Solomon Saprid, a modern
Philippine sculptor who became known for his works in bronze
which he created by welding scraps of metal, producing a
characteristic jagged effect.
ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY ART

Architect Francisco Mañosa,

designer of the Coconut Palace,
built his own two-storey bahay
kubo mansion in Ayala Alabang
Village, a wealthy suburb south of
Manila. With only 3 posts or
“haligi” , it has five one-inch
coconut shell doors, a “silong”,
Muslim room, sala, and master’s
bedroom with a fish pond therein.
ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY ART

The turning point in the

development of contemporary
art in the Philippines was the
establishment of the Cultural
Center of the Philippines
(CCP). The CCP is located on
a reclaimed land along Roxas
Boulevard. It was designed by
Leandro V. Locsin and it is
also considered as one of his
most recognizable works.
OTHER CONTEMPORARY
FILIPINO ARTISTS AND
THEIR WORKS
Ernest
Concepcion
(1977-present)

Concepcion is a studio
artist whose work
experiments with intense
emotion, deconstructing
images in his paintings,
sculptures, and
installations. He creates
art like recording a music
album, where each
painting is from a series
of nine. Concepcion
describes it as producing
an old favorite, a classic,
Ronald Ventura
(1973-present)
Ronald Ventura
(1973-present)
Ventura’s work is known
to consist of multiple
layers, using imagery
that focuses on the
human form. His
paintings are a dramatic
union of comic sketches,
reality, and graffiti. He
draws inspiration from
Asian mythology,
Catholicism, science
fiction and comic book
 Leeroy New
(1986-present)

Initially trained as a sculptor, Leeroy’s

work blends theatre, fashion, film,
production design, and public art. He
graduated from the prestigious
Philippine High School for the Arts,
before continuing his Fine Arts degree
at the University of the Philippines. He
has received artist residences in
Singapore and Australia and was
awarded the 13 Artists Award by the
Cultural Center of the Philippines in
2014. His large-scale public art uses
MODEKA ART
LEEROY NEW
Neil Pasilan
(1971-present)

Brother to artist Diokno

Pasilan, Neil is a
Bacolod-born artist from
a family of craftsmen
and boat builders. He is
a self-taught visual
artist who displayed
creativity as a child.
Pasilan has moulded
clay figures for most of
his life and continues to
ISLA HUBAD
NEIL PASILAN
 Kawayan de Guia
(1979-present)
Kawayan’s art contemplates
the Philippines’ changing
urban culture. He illogically
arranges texts and icons to
compose a painting,
depicting the human form in
new ways. His work draws
from popular culture, the
media and mass
consumerism. He also
I SCREAM AND
CIGARETTES
KAWAYAN DE GUIA
 Martha Atienza
(1981-present)
Her video art reflects
snapshots of reality and the
environment drawn from her
Filipino and Dutch roots. She
is currently interested in
using contemporary art as
an aid to bring about social
change. In 2017, she won
the Baloise Art Prize at Art
Basel International Fair for
her video installation Our
Islands, 11°16`58.4”
123°45`07.0”E., which
shows a traditional Catholic
Martha Atienza, ‘Our Islands 11°16’58.4N 123°45’07.0E’
(still), 2017, single-channel HD video, no sound, 72 min
(loop). Courtesy the artist and Silverlens, Manila