AC POTENTIOMETERS Presentation

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Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and

Education
Faculty For High Quality Training

AC POTENTIOMETERS

Name: Do Thanh Tung -21142487


Lecturer: Ph.D Le Chi Kien
Class course: EMIN330244E_23_1_02FIE
Electrical Measurement and Instruments
midterm report
The content
• AC POTENTIOMETERS DEFINITION AND
MEASUREMENT CONDITON
• CLASSIFICATION OF AC POTENTIOMETERS
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• APPLICATIONS
• EXAMPLES
1) AC POTENTIOMETERS DEFINITION

What is an AC POTENTIOMETER ?

• An AC potentiometer is a device used to measure AC voltages. It is similar to a DC


potentiometer in the principle of measuring
• The main difference between the ac and dc potentiometer is that, in case of dc
potentiometer, only the magnitude of the unknown emf is compared with the standard
cell emf, but in ac potentiometer, the magnitude as well as phase angle of the unknown
voltage is compared to achieve balance.
1) AC POTENTIOMETERS MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS
Conditions when considering for the satisfactory
operation of the AC potentiometer:

• The slide wire and the resistance coil of an AC potentiometer must be non-inductive
• The AC source should be as sinusoidal as possible.
• The potentiometer circuit should be supplied from the same source as the voltage or
current being measured.
• The sources of AC supply should be free from harmonics
• These must be eliminated or corresponding correction factor for stray or external magnetic
field when measure.
2) CLASSIFICATION OF AC POTENTIOMETERS

There are two general types of ac potentiometers:

Polar Potentiometer Coordinate


Potentiometer

Ex: Drysdale polar Ex: Gall Coordinate


potentiometer Potentiometer
2.1)Polar Potentiometer

• As the name indicates, the unknown emf is


measured in polar form.
• The magnitude is indicated by one scale and the
phase with respect to some reference axis is
indicated by another scale.
• There is provision for reading phase angles up to
360°.
2.2)Drysdale Polar Potentiometer
2.2)Drysdale Polar Potentiometer

• The slide wire S1–S2 is


supplied from a phase shifting
circuit for ac measurement.
• The phase shifting circuit is so
arranged that the magnitude
of the voltage supplied by it
remains constant while its
phase can be varied through
360°
2.2)Drysdale Polar Potentiometer

• The phase shifting circuit


consists of two stator coils
connected in parallel supplied
from the same source
• The two windings produce
rotating flux which induces a
secondary emf in the rotor
winding which will create
constant magnitude while the
phase of which can be varied
by rotating the rotor in any
position.
• The phase of the rotor emf is
read from the circular dial
attached in the potentiometer.
2.2)Drysdale Polar Potentiometer

• Before the ac measurement, the


potentiometer is first calibrated by
using dc supply for slide wire and
standard cell for test terminals T1
and T2 .
• The unknown alternating voltage to
be measured is applied across test
terminals and the balance is
achieved by varying the slide wire
contact and the position of the
rotor.
• The ammeter connected in the
slide wire circuit gives the
magnitude of the unknown emf
and the circular dial in the rotor
circuit gives the phase angle of it.
2.3) Coordinate Potentiometer
• The unknown emf is measured in Cartesian
form
• Two components perpendicular to some
standard axis are measured and indicated
directly by two different scales known as
in phase (V1 ) and quadrature (V2 ) scales
• Provision is made in this instrument to read
both positive and negative values of voltages
The in phase (V1 ) and quadrature
so that all angles up to 360° are covered.
(V2 ) scales representation of
unknown emf
2.4)Gall Coordinate Potentiometer
3) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES

• An ac potentiometer is a very versatile instrument. By using shunt and volt–


ratio box, it can measure wide range of voltage, current and resistances.
• The principle of ac potentiometer is also incorporated in certain special
application like Arnold circuit for the measurement of CT (Current Transformer)
errors.
• As it is able to measure phase as well as magnitude of two signals, it is used to
measure power, inductance and phase angle of a coil, etc.
3) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
• A small difference in reading of the dynamometer instrument either in dc or ac calibration
brings on error in the alternating current to be set at standard value.
• Inaccuracy in the measured value of frequency will also result in the quadrature
potentiometer wire current to differ from that of in–phase potentiometer wire.
• The presence of mutual inductances in the various parts of the potentiometer and the
inter capacitance affect the potential gradient of the wires
• The normal value of the mutual inductance M is affected due to the mutual inductances of
various potentiometer parts
• The presence of harmonics in the input signal introduces operating problem and the
vibration galvanometer tuned to the fundamental frequency may not show full null
position at all.
4) APPLICATIONS

Measurement of self-
Calibration of voltmeter
inductance

Calibration of ammeter Calibration of wattmeter


Measurement of self-inductance

+Resistance of the coil

+Voltage drop due to inductance of coil


𝐼 𝜔 𝐿=𝑉 1 sin 𝜃
+Inductance of the coil
Calibration of voltmeter

+Two rheostats Rh1 and Rh2 are used to have a


very precise control so that the voltmeter
accurately coincides with the major divisions. A
voltage-ratio box is used to reduce the voltage
across the voltmeter and applied to the
potentiometer.
+In order to have greater accuracy, the voltage
should be measured near the maximum range
of the potentiometer.
+The potentiometer reads the true value of the
voltage. If this value is matched with the
voltmeter readings, then the error is zero
Calibration of ammeter

+Let VR be the potentiometer reading which


corresponds to the voltage across R. Then the
current through A is given by IR = VR/R. Let I be
the ammeter reading. The two values IR, I will
be the same since the ammeter and standard
resistor are in series. Since the value of
standard resistor is accurately known, accurate
calibration of ammeter can be obtained by this
method.
Calibration of wattmeter

+The current coil of the wattmeter is supplied


through a stepdown transformer and the
potential coil from the secondary of a variable
transformer whose primary is supplied from
the rotor of a phase shifting transformer
+The voltage V across the potential coil of the
wattmeter and the current I through the
current coil of wattmeter are measured by the
potentiometer, introducing a volt–ratio box
and a standard resistor
Calibration of wattmeter

+The power factor cos F is varied by rotating


the phase shift rotor (the phase angle between
voltage and current), F being given by the
reading on the dial of the phase shifter.
+The power is then VI cos F and the wattmeter
reading may be compared with this reading.
+The mutual inductance M in the current coil
circuit is to check the accuracy of wattmeter
when Φ = 90° i.e., at zero power factor.
5) EXAMPLES

The following readings were obtained during measurement of inductance of a coil on an ac


potentiometer: Voltage drop across 0.1 Ω standard resistor connected in series with the coil=
0.613 12°6'Voltage across the test coil through a 100:1 volt–ratio box = 0.781 50°48'Frequency
50 Hz. Determine the value of the inductance of the coil.
• Current through the coil

• Voltage across the coil


• Impedance of the coil

• Resistance of the coil


• Reactance of the coil
• Inductance of the coil
Thank you for
listening

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