Ee1008-Electrical and Electronics Measurements and Instrumentation

EE1008- ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS
MEASUREMENTS AND
INSTRUMENTATION
UNIT -1
Measurement of R, L, C
Wheatstone bridge
Balance Condition
Bridge balanced equation
Sensitivity
Current Sensitivity:Voltage Sensitivity:-
Bridge Sensitivity:-
Under Small Unbalance
Thevenins voltage
Sensitivity under unbalance
Kelvins Bridge
One of the major drawback of the Wheatstone bridge is that, it can measure
the resistance from few ohm to several mega ohm but to measure low
resistance it gives significant error.
So, we need some modification in Wheatstone bridge itself, and the
modified bridge so obtained is Kelvin bridge, which is not only suitable for
measuring low value of resistance but has wide range of applications in the
industrial world.
The kelvins bridge may be regarded as a modified of the wheatstone bridge
to secure increased accuracy in the measurement of low resistance. It is used
to measure resistance from few micro ohm to 1.0 ohm.
Bridge Balance
Equation
Sub 7 in 8
From Equ. 1
9
1
0
Sub. equ. 7 & 10 in

equ. 3
Sub. Equ. 5 in
4
6
11
1
2
From 5
8
13
Kelvins Double Bridge
The kelvins double bridge incorporates the idea of

a second set of ratio arms - hence the name double
bridge- and the use of four terminal resistors for the
low resistance arms.
1st R1/R2
2nd a/b
Balance condition
Consider the path 5-1-2-6 back to 5 through the

battery
3
4
Sub equ. 4 in equ. 2

5
6
7
8
9
10
1
1
1
2
Again we reaches to the same result i.e. t has

no effect.
It indicates that the resistance of connecting
lead has no effect on the measurement
provided that the two sets of ratio arms have
equal ratios.
Practical Kelvins double

Bridge
AC Bridges
When the four resistive arms of the basic Wheatstone

bridge are replaced by impedances and the bridge is excited
by an AC source, the result is an AC Bridge.
To balance the bridge, two conditions must be satisfied, the
resistive (R) and the reactive components (XC or XL). Once
balanced, the AC Bridge indicates a null.
AC bridge circuits are also used for shifting phase, providing
feedback paths for oscillators and amplifiers, filtering out
undesired signals, and measuring the frequency of audio
Bridge balance condition
In admittance form
Polar form of
impedance
Sub. The polar values in balance

condition
Maxwell's Bridge
Inductor L
Maxwells Inductance Bridge
Maxwells Inductance Capacitance
Bridge
Maxwells Inductance
Bridge
Maxwells Inductance Capacitance Bridge
Quality Factor
Disadvanta
ge:
Maxwell bridgeis that, they are unsuitable of
measuring the low and high quality factor coils.
Anderson's Bridge
Need of Anderson's bridgethough we have
Maxwell bridgeto measure quality factor of the
circuit.
The
main
disadvantage
of
using
Maxwell bridgeis that, they are unsuitable of
measuring the low and high quality factor.
HoweverMaxwell bridgeare
suitable
for
measuring accurately medium quality factor
respectively.
So, there is need of bridge which can measure
Convert star connected R2 ,

R4 , r into delta connected
star to delta connection

equivalent
Balance
Equation
Sub. R5 and R6 values in the balance

equation
Schering Bridge
This bridge is used to measure to the capacitance of
the capacitor, dissipation factor and measurement of
relative permittivity.
Balance equation
Measurement of high Resistance Megger

Insulationresistancequality
of
an
electrical system degrades with time,
environment condition i.e. temperature,
humidity, moisture & dust particles.
It also get impacted negatively due to the
presence of electrical & mechanical stress,
so its become very necessary to check
the IR (Insulationresistance) of equipment
at a constant regular interval to avoid any
measure fatal or electrical shock.
1) Deflecting & Control coil : Connected parallel

to the generator, mounted at right angle to each
other and maintain polarities in such a way to
produced torque in opposite direction.
2) Permanent Magnets: Produce magnetic field to
deflect pointer with North-South pole magnet.
3) Pointer : One end of the pointer connected with
coil another end deflects on scale from infinity
to zero.
4) Scale : A scale is provided in front-top of the
megger from range zero to infinity, enable us
to read the value.
5) D.C generator or Battery connection : Testing

voltage is produced by hand operated
D.C generator for manual operated Megger.
Battery / electronic voltage charger is provided for
automatic type Megger for same purpose.
6) Pressure coil resistance and Current coil
resistance : Protect instrument from any damage
because of low external electrical resistance under
test.
Working Principle of Megger

Voltage for testing produced by hand operated megger
by rotation of crank in case of hand operated type, a
battery is used for electronic tester.
500 Volt DC is sufficient for performing test on
equipment range up to 440 Volts.
1000V to 5000V is used for testing for high voltage
electrical systems.
Deflecting coil or current coil connected in series and
allows flowing the electric current taken by the circuit
being tested.
The control coil also known as pressure coil is
connected across the circuit.
Current limiting resistor (CCR & PCR ) connected in

series with control & deflecting coil to protect damage in
case of very low resistance in external circuit.
In hand operated megger electromagnetic induction
effect is used to produce the test voltage i.e. armature
arranges to move in permanent magnetic field or vice
versa.
Where as in electronic type megger batteries are used to
produce the testing voltage.
As the voltage increases in external circuit the deflection
of pointer increases and deflection of pointer decreases
with a increases of current.
Hence, resultant torque is directly proportional to
voltage & inversely proportional to current.
When electrical circuit being tested is open, torque due

to voltage coil will be maximum & pointer shows
infinity means no shorting throughout the circuit and
has maximum resistance within the circuit under test.
If there is short circuit pointer shows zero, which
means NO resistance within circuit being tested.
The deflection torque is produced with megger tester
due to the magnetic field produced by voltage & current,
similarly like Ohm's Law
Torque of the megger varies in ration with V/I, (Ohm's
Law :- V=IR or R=V/I). Electrical resistance to be
measured is connected across the generator & in series
with deflecting coil.
Produced torque shall be in opposite direction if current

supplied to the coil.
1. High resistance = No current: - No current shall flow
through deflecting coil, if resistance is very high i.e.
infinity position of pointer
2. Small resistance = High current :- If circuit measures
small resistance allows a high electric current to pass
through deflecting coil, i.e. produced torque make the
pointer to set at ZERO.
3. Intermediate resistance = varied current: - If
measured resistance is intermediate, produced torque align
or set the pointer between the range of ZERO to
INIFINITY
Loss of Charge Method

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EE1008- ELECTRICAL AND

Bridge balanced equation

Under Small Unbalance

Under Small Unbalance

Under Small Unbalance

Sensitivity under unbalance

Sub. equ. 7 & 10 in

Kelvins Double Bridge

The kelvins double bridge incorporates the idea of

Consider the path 5-1-2-6 back to 5 through the

Sub equ. 4 in equ. 2

Again we reaches to the same result i.e. t has

Practical Kelvins double

When the four resistive arms of the basic Wheatstone

Bridge balance condition

Sub. The polar values in balance

Maxwells Inductance Capacitance Bridge

Convert star connected R2 ,

star to delta connection

Sub. R5 and R6 values in the balance

Measurement of high Resistance Megger

1) Deflecting & Control coil : Connected parallel

5) D.C generator or Battery connection : Testing

Working Principle of Megger

Current limiting resistor (CCR & PCR ) connected in

When electrical circuit being tested is open, torque due

Produced torque shall be in opposite direction if current

Loss of Charge Method

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