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Cancer

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JUSTIN ABRAHAM
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10 views

Cancer

Uploaded by

JUSTIN ABRAHAM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CANCER

DR.JUSTIN SAJI ABRAHAM

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

SNS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCE


CANCER

• Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth


and spread of abnormal cells. It can develop in almost any tissue or
organ of the body and can invade surrounding tissues or spread to
distant parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.
• Cancerous cell Continue to divide giving rise to masses Of cell called
Tumour or Neoplasm
TYPES OF TUMOUR
1. Benign Tumour

Non-cancerous and usually do not spread to other parts of the


body.

Typically grow slowly and can often be removed without


significant risk of recurrence.

While benign tumours aren’t considered life-threatening, their


location (e.g., brain) can sometimes cause serious complications.

Examples:

Fibroma: Tumour of fibrous tissue.

Lipoma: Tumour of fat tissue.

Adenoma: Tumour in glandular tissue, like in the thyroid or


colon.
Haemangioma: Tumour formed from blood vessels.
2. MALIGNANT TUMOUR

Cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues or metastasize (spread) to


other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Malignant tumours are often more aggressive and can lead to serious
health problems or death if untreated.
CLASSIFICATION

1. Carcinoma: Cancers that arise from epithelial cells (the cells that line
organs and tissues). Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer.
Examples include:

Adenocarcinoma: Cancer of glandular tissues, such as breast or colon.


Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Cancer of the squamous cells found in skin
and lining of organs.
2.Sarcoma: Cancers that originate from connective tissues, such as bones,
muscles, fat, or cartilage.

3.Leukemia: Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissues, such as the bone
marrow, and lead to overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

4.Lymphoma: Cancer of the lymphatic system, affecting lymph nodes, spleen, and
lymphocytes.

5.Myeloma: Cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow.

6.Central Nervous System Cancers: Cancers that affect the brain or spinal cord.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

The stages of cancer pathogenesis:


1. Initiation
Genetic Mutations:- Cancer begins when normal cells undergo mutations in their
DNA. These mutations may be caused by:
(a) Carcinogens: Exposure to harmful chemicals (e.g., tobacco smoke), radiation
(e.g., UV radiation), or viruses (e.g., HPV).
(b) Inherited Mutations: Genetic mutations passed down from parents (e.g.,
BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations).
Oncogene Activation: Mutations in proto-oncogenes lead to the activation of
oncogenes, which drive the uncontrolled division and survival of cells.

Tumor Suppressor Gene Inactivation: Genes that normally inhibit cell growth,
like p53, may be mutated or lost, allowing unchecked cellular proliferation.
2. Promotion

Clonal Expansion: Mutated cells begin to divide more rapidly than normal
cells. Growth signals become persistent, and the cells evade signals that
would normally suppress their growth.

Avoiding Apoptosis: Cancer cells develop mechanisms to avoid


programmed cell death (apoptosis), allowing them to survive even when
they are damaged or abnormal.

Tumor Microenvironment: The cells start interacting with their


surrounding environment (e.g., inflammatory cells, fibroblasts) in ways
that promote further growth and survival.
3. Progression

Uncontrolled Proliferation: The tumor mass expands as cancer cells continue to


divide uncontrollably. The cells may also develop additional mutations that
make them even more aggressive.
Angiogenesis: The growing tumor needs a blood supply, so cancer cells release
growth factors like VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) to stimulate the
formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to feed the tumor.
Immune Evasion: Cancer cells develop mechanisms to evade the immune
system, allowing them to grow unchecked by immune responses.
4. Invasion and Metastasis
Invasion: Cancer cells acquire the ability to invade nearby tissues by degrading
the extracellular matrix and basement membrane.

Metastasis: Cancer cells can spread to distant sites through the bloodstream or
lymphatic system. When they reach distant organs (e.g., lungs, liver, bones),
they establish secondary tumors, a hallmark of metastatic cancer.

EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition): Cancer cells undergo changes that


make them more mobile, facilitating their invasion and spread.
ETIOLOGY

• Virus
• Gene and chromosomal abnormalities
• Hereditary Factors
• Failure of immune system or Defence Mechanism
• Other factors:- Hormones, Obesity, ionising radiations etc.

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