 Use of positive and

inclusive language.

Use words and phrases

that do not target or
exclude individuals or
groups based on their
race, religion, gender,
sexual orientation, or
any other
characteristic.
1
 Let’s recap!: Identify the kind of
literature source the following items
belong to.
●A. primary source B. secondary source C. tertiary
source
●____1. directories
●____2. biography
●____3. interview transcript
●____4. social media post created by the same
person
●____5. almanac
2
 “
How would you feel if a Facebook
post/status/meme which you
originally posted and thought out
carefully was copied by someone
without your knowledge? The post
went famous or viral and the
person who copied it gets all the
credit and did not recognize you as
the rightful owner of the idea? How

”
would you react?
3
Citing
Literatures
Using the
Standard
Style
Our Goals:
1. distinguish the various citation
styles used in research;
2. cite related literatures using the
standard (APA) style; and
3. recognize the ideas and
contributions of other authors in
relation to one’s own research.
 cite site sight

● the ability to ● to quote or ● a specific

see or the refer to a location or
source, place, often
act of
usually for the used in the
seeing.
purpose of context of
● It can also
providing construction
mean evidence or or where
something support in something is
that is seen written work. situated
or a view. 6
 cite site sight
1. The sunset over the ocean was a breathtaking

_________.

2. The construction crew is preparing the ________

for the new office building.

3. In your research paper, be sure to _______ all the

7
Citatio • Citing the
creator of a

n
● the act of quoting or referencing
the work of others in your own
work
work
recognizes
their important
contribution to
Any material that you
the field you
would use as reference in
are studying
your research (such as
• it gives them
books, journal articles,
due credit for
websites, and videos)
their hard work
must be properly cited.
8
The Different
Citation and
Referencing
Styles
(Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017)

9
 American
Psychological
Association (APA)
Style

1 It is an author/date style, and

places emphasis on the author
and date of the material to
uniquely identify it. It is
currently on its 7th edition.
 Modern Language
Association (MLA)
Style

2 It is often applied in the arts

and humanities particularly
in the United States.
 American Medical
Association (AMA)
or Vancouver Style
3 The Vancouver system
is mainly used in
medical and scientific
Chicago Manual of Style
(CMoS)
First published in 1906 by the University of Chicago Press and it
is currently on its 17th edition. It has two variations:

4
1. The Notes and Bibliography System which uses footnotes.
This is used for papers written in the fields of literature,
history and the arts.
2. - The Author-Date System, which uses a style somewhat
similar to APA, and is used for papers in the fields of science
and social science. It uses parenthetical citations that
indicates the name, date of publication, and page from
which the citation is taken.
Harvard Style

Similar to APA, and

5 it is well-used in
the UK and
Australia.
15
 Various institutions
recommend different citation
styles. In this case, it is
recommended for Presbitero
Senior High School students
to use the American
Psychological Association
(APA) Style.
16
What is APA?
• American Psychological Association
• is the most commonly used format for
manuscripts in the Social Sciences.
• APA regulates
• Style
• In text Citations
• References
In-Text
Citations
• the method of
citing the author or
creator of the
material or idea as
well as the date of
its creation or
publication.
 Literature reviews contain different kinds of in-text
citations. Given below are examples of in-text citations
in the Author-Date System of the APA format:
By author or writer (Narrative By topic (Parenthetical
Citations) Citations)
the researcher mentions the last the name of the author and year of
name of the author then the year publication are enclosed in
of publication in parentheses. parentheses
Last Name (Year of Publication) It is located after the idea,
Example: paraphrase or summary.
Jackson (2016) pointed out that (Last Name, Year of
people have misconceptions about Publication)
psychologists and psychology. Example:
People have misconceptions about
the role of psychologists and the
field of psychology (Jackson, 2016). 19
 In-text Citations: What to include in the
parentheses
● If the author’s name is part of the sentence, place only the
year of publication in parentheses (Narrative Citation).
○ Example:
Berk (2007) found that children begin to play organized
games with rules, once they reach school-age.

● When the author’s name is not part of the sentence, place

both the name and the year, separated by a comma, in
parentheses (Parenthetical Citation)
○ Example:
Studies conducted found that children begin to use
organized play and games with rules at school-age (Berk,
2007).
20
1 In-text Citations: Short Quote
● A direct quote is information included in a
paper, which is taken directly from the source
(word for word).

● Short quotes = less than 40 words

○ Enclosed within quotation marks
○ Cited using the author’s last name, year
of publication, and page number (or
paragraph number, if page number is not
available.) 21
 Short Quote (< 40 words)
1.
Examples
a on and greatly enriches children “Reading makes
●
use of many skills at once, taxing all aspects of our
information-processing systems” (Berk, 2007, p.
306).
Author’s last name, year of publication, page #

Author’s last name (year of publication)

● Berks (2007) suggests that “mathematics teaching

in elementary school builds informal knowledge of
number concepts and counting” (p. 307). page #
22
 Long Quote (> 40 words)
1. Examples
b ● Quotes over 40 words must be block formatted.
● Quotation marks are not used. The entire block
Notice: the quote is indented five spaces, and double-spaced.
quote is ● Example:
block Berk (2007) found the following to be true:
formatted
We have seen that middle childhood brings major advances
(indented in
5 spaces), perspective taking, the capacity to imagine what other people may
but be thinking and feeling. These changes support self-self esteem,
quotation understanding of others, and a wide variety of social skills (p. 336).
marks are
not used
23
 In-text Citations:
2 Paraphrase/Summary
● A paraphrase is material from a source
which has been stated/summarized in your
own words.

● All paraphrases must be cited, using the

author’s last name and year of
publication.
24
 Paraphrase: Example (Narrative
2.a Citation)
● If the author’s name is a part of the sentence
structure, the year follows the author’s names
in parentheses. Quotation marks are not
included.

● Example:
Author’s last name (year of publication)

Berk (2007) found that children begin to play

organized games with rules, once they reach
school-age.
25
 Paraphrase: Example (Parenthetical
2. Citation)
b ● the author’s name and year of publication are
included at the end of the citation, in
parenthesis. Quotation marks are not
included.
● Example:
Studies conducted found that children begin to
use organized play and games with rules at
school-age (Berk, 2007).
(Author’s last name, year of publication)

26
3 Work by a Single Author
● The last name of the author and the year of publication are placed in
the text.
● When the name of the author is part of the narrative, only the date is
placed in the parentheses.
Example:
Santos (2014) asserted that education alleviates poverty

● When both information are in the parentheses, the year is

separated with a comma
Example:
….education alleviates poverty (Santos, 2014).
27
4 Work by Two Authors
● Name both authors in the signal phrase or in
the parentheses each time you cite the work.
● Use the word “and” between the authors’
names within the text and use the ampersand
(&) in the parentheses
Examples:
Santos and Reyes (2014) explained that…..
… as has been shown (Santos & Reyes, 2014).
28
5 Work by Three to Five Authors
● List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first
time you cite the source.
● Use the word “and” between the authors’ names within the text and
use the ampersand (&) in the parentheses.
Examples:
David, Garcia and Isabelo (2014) noted that….
…. colors affect people’s emotions (David, Garcia & Isabelo, 2014)
 In subsequent cititations, use only the first author’s last name
followed by ”et al.” in the signal phrase or parentheses.
David et al. (2014) noted that……
…. colors affect people’s emotions (David et al., 2014).

29
6 Work by Six or More Authors
 Use only the first author’s last name followed
by ”et al.” in the signal phrase or
parentheses.

Examples:
David et al. (2014) noted that……
…. colors affect people’s emotions (David et al.,
2014).
30
 For Articles with NO or UNKNOWN
7 Author
● When the author’s name is designated as
“Anonymous” cite in text the word
Anonymous followed by a comma and the
date.
● Example:
(Anonymous, 1998)

31
 For Articles with NO or UNKNOWN Author
7 When a work has no identified author, cite the title of the reference
●
and the year. If it is a long title, use the first few words
○ Use quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter or a webpage
○ Italicize the title of a journal, a book, a brochure or a report.
Use the title of the article with the year in the citation
● Examples when no author is named.
○ Recent research reveals (“Six Sites Meet”, 2006) significantly…
■ Full publication title is “Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang
initiative conference.” Notice the title was shortened for the in text citation
because the title was long
○ The book College Bound Seniors (2008) asserts that…
Use the title of the book with the year in the citation when no
author is named.
32
 For Articles with NO or UNKNOWN
8 date
● Use n. d.
● Example:
David (n. d.) asserts that…
colors affect people’s emotions… (David, n. d.).

33
 For Sources Cited in another
9 Source
● Use as cited in
● Example
● Tofi and Farrington (2011) noted the effectiveness of
programs drawn from the work of Dan Olweus (as cited in
Ansary, Elias, Greene, & Green, 2015).
or
● Tofi and Farrington (2011 as cited in Ansary, Elias, Greene,
& Green, 2015) noted the effectiveness of programs drawn
from the work of Dan Olweus.
34
 Fill in each blank with the most
appropriate reporting verb from
the box.
(suggests / demonstrates / asserts /
concludes)
1. Smith (2020)__________
that anxiety disorders
affect millions of people
worldwide. 36
 Fill in each blank with the most
appropriate reporting verb from
the box.

(reveals / highlights / indicates /

argues )
2. Miller’s study (2018) __________
that mindfulness meditation can
reduce symptoms of stress and
anxiety.
37
Fill in each blank with the most
appropriate reporting verb from
the box.

38
Fill in each blank with the most
appropriate reporting verb from
the box.

39
Fill in each blank with the most
appropriate reporting verb from
the box.

40
By Group
Exercise 2: Quote each
sentence/passage. Use
the source information
provided. Use the APA
style in citing the source.
 “
1. Adolescents who spend excessive time on
social media may experience higher levels
of anxiety and depression due to the
pressure of maintaining an ideal online
image.
Source: Johnson, A. (2020). The Effects of Social
Media Use on Adolescents' Mental Health. Journal

”
of Adolescent Psychology, p. 45.
42
 In this class, we value diversity,
and we want to challenge
stereotypes.
“Let's remember that
people are unique, and
it's unfair to make
generalizations about any
 Possible answers
Narrative Citation:
According to Johnson (2020), “adolescents who spend
excessive time on social media may experience higher levels
of anxiety and depression due to the pressure of maintaining
an ideal online image” (p. 45).

Parenthetical Citation:
"Adolescents who spend excessive time on social media may
experience higher levels of anxiety and depression due to
the pressure of maintaining an ideal online image" (Johnson,
44
2020, p. 45).
2.
“
Cognitive psychology focuses on the
study of mental processes, including
perception, memory, and problem-
solving.
Source: Smith, J. (2019). Introduction to Cognitive
Psychology. In Introduction to Psychology: Key Concepts and

”
Theories (p. 112). Academic Publishing.

45
 Possible answers
Narrative Citation:
Smith (2019) explains that “cognitive psychology focuses on
the study of mental processes, including perception, memory,
and problem-solving” (p. 112).

Parenthetical Citation:
"Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of mental
processes, including perception, memory, and problem-
solving" (Smith, 2019, p. 112).
46
Exercise 3: Make a narrative and parenthetical
citation of the given paraphrase below using APA
style. Use the given author and date.

47
 Possible answers
● Fisburn (2000) pointed out that freedom to
explore, a caring community and exciting art
projects are three important characteristics of an
art program.

● Freedom to explore, a caring community and

exciting art projects are three important
characteristics of an art program (Fishburn, 2000). 48
 Cite the following information
1 using the APA style.
Author: John Litman, Andre Pearson
Date: Not Available
Paraphrase: Green vegetables and liver were not
liked by teenagers in American public schools.

a. Narrative citation:
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Parenthetical citation:
___________________________________________________________________________

49
 Cite the following information
2 using the APA style.
Author: Unknown
Article Title: Social Media Use and Fear of Missing Out
Date: August 12, 2013
Paraphrase: The fear of missing out can also cause alcohol abuse
among college students and lead to risky behaviors. This fear also
affects peoples emotional state and threatens their safety.

a. Narrative citation:
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Parenthetical citation:
___________________________________________________________________________

50
 Cite the following information
3 using the APA style.
Author: John Anderson, Pepper Ball, Gail Figgins, Richard
Madsen, Phoebe H. Carlton, Olga Dmitri Pines
Date: May, 2002
Paraphrase: College students in the United States have been
exposed to alcohol before attending college, and they meet
the diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence.

a. Narrative citation:
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Parenthetical citation:
___________________________________________________________________________
51
 Cite the following information
4 using the APA style.
Study 1: David N. Boote and Penny Beile, 2004 cited in
Bruce Tunon, 2005
Summarized finding: Empirical research shows that most
doctoral students have the necessary skills needed in order
to do the library research for the chapter of literature review.

a. Narrative citation:
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Parenthetical citation:
___________________________________________________________________________
52
Find and correct the errors in the following in-text citations according to
APA referencing conventions.

53
 “
Suppose that you were browsing through
your social media applications and you
found a very interesting post you wish to
share to your friends. You saw that your
friend typed ‘CTTO’ in his post and even his
source did not indicate who the original
creator was. Is ‘CTTO’ sufficient in
recognizing the original creator of a social

”
media post?
54
•It has become a trend by individuals sharing posts
on social media to include ‘CTTO’ at the end of the
post. What does this actually mean?
•In the field of Law, copyright is defined by the
Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines
(IPOPHL) as “the legal protection extended to the
owner of the rights in an original work”.
•Mercado (2019) explains that a work need not to
be registered with the IPOPHL in order to be
copyrighted because at the moment the creator
published his work, the creator already possesses
copyright on the work.
 “
Why do you think we need
to recognize and give due
credits to the rightful
creator of a particular
work?

”
 “
● Be mindful of cultural norms and
values.
● For example, in some cultures, it is
considered disrespectful to cite the
work of elders without their
permission.

”
57
1. “
The Manobo community in
North Cotabato has a rich
tradition of storytelling and oral
history.
Source: Galdo, R. (2018). "The Manobo of North
Cotabato: Their Culture, Social Structure, and

”
Economic Organization."
58
Let’s sum it up!
●I now know something about
●First,
●Second,
●Further,
● Finally,
59
 I. Differentiate the various
citation/referencing styles used in
research by completing the matrix below.
American Psychological Modern Language Harvard Style Chicago Manual of Style AMA Style
Association (APA) Style Association (MLA) Style (CMoS)

Similar to The Author-Date It is often

It is an
APA, and it System, which mainly applied in the
author/date
is well-used uses a style used in arts and
style, and places
in the UK somewhat medical humanities
emphasis on the
and similar to APA, and particularly in
author and date
Australia. and is used for scientific the United
of the material
papers in the papers. States.
to uniquely
fields of science 60
identify it.
and social
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68
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 Thank
s!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
● @gilbertjhon
● gilbertjhonplacambo@gmail.
com

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