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Environmental Chemistry lec no 1

This is a ppt which explain about chemical reaction occuring in the environment.

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3 views

Environmental Chemistry lec no 1

This is a ppt which explain about chemical reaction occuring in the environment.

Uploaded by

rabyazara0831
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Environmental Chemistry

Atmosphere
Grade -10

Prepared by : Rabia Zahra


Introduction to
Atmosphere:
• Definition:
• The envelope of gases and water vapour surrounding the planet earth is called
atmosphere.

• COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE
• Our earth is surrounded by a huge envelope of air called atmosphere. Atmosphere
extends to more than 800km above the surface of earth.
• It protects us from harmful rays coming from sun.

Air is a mixure of gases. Can you name the main gases that make up the air?
The pie chart given below shows the composition of
dry air by volume.
Other gases Composition :

• Besides gases, there are


varying amount of water
vapour in the air. There is
little water inthe air over
the desert.
• Whereas in the tropical rain
forest, the air may contain
up to 4% water vapour.
• This means the amount of
water vapour in air varies
from place to place and
time to time.
Self Assessment :

1. What two gases make up most of the air?


2. Which gas has the highest percentage in the air?
3. Which gas has the lowest percentage in the air?
4. Why has the water percentage not been mentioned in
the pie chart?
Layers of
Atmosphere
Atmosphere is divided into four layers:
• Thermosphere
• Mesosphere
• Stratosphere
• Troposphere
Troposphere :
• Height 0-12km
• Minimum Temperature 17°C ,Maximum temperature -55°C
• Tropo means "turning " or "changing".
• The troposphere is the lowest layer in the atmosphere.
• It extends upward to about 10 km above sea level starting from
ground level.
• The lowest part of the troposphere is called the boundary layer and
the topmost layer is called the tropopause.
• The troposphere contains 75% of all air in the atmosphere. Most
clouds appear in this layer because 99% of the water vapour in the
atmosphere is found here.
Continued....
• Temperature and air pressure drop as you go higher in the
troposphere. When a parcel of air moves upwards it expands.
When air expands it cools. Due to this reason, the base of the
troposphere is warmer than its base because the air in the
surface of the Earth absorbs the sun’s energy, gets heated up
and moves upward as a result of which it cools down.
• As altitude increases in the troposphere, the temperature
decrease from 17 °C to about - 55 °C .On average, for every 1
km increase in altitude, the air gets about 6.5 ° C cooler.
Stratosphere
• Height : 15km - 50km
• Minimum temperature -55°C , Maximum temperature - 5°C
• The stratosphere extends from top of the troposphere to about 50km above Earth's
surface. Strato- means "layer" or "spread out".
• As one moves upward from the Earth's surface the second layer is called stratosphere.
• Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere which extends from the top of the
troposphere to about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground.
• The ozone layer lies within the stratosphere. Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-
energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun and convert it into heat. Because of this, unlike
the troposphere, the stratosphere gets warmer the higher you go!
Continued....
• This layer contains little water vapour. Interesting information about
this aver is that it contains maximum amount of ozone (about
10ppm). The presence of ozone is responsible for the rise in
temperature in stratosphere.
• Ozone saves us from harmful effects of ultraviolet radiations from
the sun.
• When ozone absorbs energy from the sun, the Energy is converted
into heat, warming the air. The ozone layer protects the living things
on the Earth from dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Mesosphere:
• Height : 50km- 80km
• Minimum temperature -5°C, Maximum temperature -90°C
• Meso-means "middle", so the mesosphere is the middle layer of the
atmosphere.
• Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere and it extends to a height of
about 85 km (53 miles) from the ground. Here, the temperature grows
colder as you rise up through the mesosphere. The coldest parts of our
atmosphere are located in this layer and can reach –90°C.
• This layer protects Earth's surface from being hit by most meteoroids.
Thermosphere
• Height: Above 80km
• Minimum temperature -93°C , Maximum temperature 1800°C
• Thermo- means heat. This layer is very hot up to 1800°C. This
is because sunlight strikes the thermosphere first. Oxygen and
nitrogen molecules convert this energy into heat.
• Thermosphere lies above the mesosphere and this is a region
where the temperature increases as you go higher up. The
temperature increase is caused due to the absorption of
energetic ultraviolet and X-ray radiation from the sun.
However, the air in this layer is so thin that it would feel
freezing cold to us.Satellites orbit Earth within the
thermosphere.
Continued...
The aurora, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur in the
thermosphere.
The thermosphere is divided into two layers.
1. Inosphere
2. Exosphere
The lower layer called the ionosphere extends from 80 km to 400
km above the surface of Earth.
The outer layer of thermosphere is the exosphere. It extends from
400 km to thousands of kilometer from Earth's surface.

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