Chapter 6 – Multiplexing

Multiplexing

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Multiplexing

 Simultaneous transmission of multiple signals

across a single data link
 Can utilize higher capacity links without adding
additional lines for each device – better utilization
of bandwidth
 Multiplexer (MUX) on sender’s end; demultiplexer
(DEMUX) separates transmission stream and
directs signals to intended receiving devices

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Multiplexing vs. no multiplexing

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Multiplexing Techniques

 3 basic techniques
Frequency-division multiplexing – analog


Wave-division multiplexing – analog



Time-division multiplexing – digital



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Frequency-Division Multiplexing
 Analog technique - when bandwidth of link is
greater than combined bandwidth of signals to be
transmitted
 Signals from each sending device modulate
different frequencies
 Modulated signals are combined into a single
composite signal
 Bandwidth ranges are channels through which
the signals travel, separated by guard bands

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FDM

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that

combines signals.

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FDM MUX Process

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FDM DEMUX Process

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Example 1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4
kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
Solution
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 6.6. We use the
20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to
28-kHz bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to
32-kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we combine
them as shown in Figure 6.6.
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Figure 6.6 Example 1

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Example 2
Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz
between the channels to prevent interference?

Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz,
as shown in Figure 6.7.

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Figure 6.7 Example 2

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Example 3
Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps,
use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate
configuration using FDM

Solution
The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four
channels, each channel having a 250-KHz bandwidth.
Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that
each 4 bits are modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16-
QAM modulation. Figure 6.8 shows one possible
configuration.
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 Figure 6.8 Example 3

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Analog Hierarchy of Phone Network

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Other Applications of FDM

 AM and FM radio broadcasting

Each station uses a different carrier frequency,


shifting its signal and multiplexing

Receiver filters (tunes) to the frequency desired


 Same concept for TV broadcasting and first

generation cell phones

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Example 4
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two
bands. The first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for
sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each
user has a bandwidth of 30 KHz in each direction. The 3-
KHz voice is modulated using FM, creating 30 KHz of
modulated signal. How many people can use their cellular
phones simultaneously?

Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz into 30 KHz,
we get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832
channels.
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6.2 Wave-Division Multiplexing

 Use light signals transmitted through fiber-optic

channels
 Very narrow bands of light are combined from
several sources to make a wider band of light
 A prism is used to bend the light beams based on
the angle of incidence and frequency
 Receiver’s DEMUX separates signals

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WDM

WDM is an analog multiplexing technique

to combine optical signals.

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 Figure 6.11 Prisms in WDM multiplexing
and demultiplexing

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WDM Applications

 Application:SONET(Synchronous optical network)

Multiple optical fiber lines are muxed/demuxed


 DWDM (dense WDM) allows muxing of large

numbers of channels by spacing channels closer
to one another to achieve greater efficiency

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6.3 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

 Process of combining digital signals from several

sources whereby each connection occupies a
portion of time in the link
 Link is sectioned by time rather than frequency

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TDM

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Time Slots and Frames
 Data flow of each connection is divided into units
 Link combines one unit of each connection to
make a frame
 n input connections  n time slots
 Data rate of link must be n times the duration of a
time slot to guarantee flow of data
 Time slots are grouped into frames; one complete
cycle of time slots; each slot dedicated to one
device

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TDM

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Example 5
Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit
is 1 bit. Find (1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing,
(2) the transmission rate of the link, (3) the duration of a
time slot, and (4) the duration of a frame?

Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:

1. The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0.001 s (1 ms).

2. The rate of the link is 4 Kbps.
3. The duration of each time slot 1 ms
4. The duration of a frame 4 ms.
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Interleaving
 Process of taking a specific amount of data from each
device in a regular order
 May be done by bit, byte, or any other data unit

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 Example 6
Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each
channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per
channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of
the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the
bit rate for the link.

Solution
The multiplexer is shown in Figure 6.15.

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 Figure 6.15 Example 6

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 Example 7
A multiplexer combines four 100-Kbps channels using a
time slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary
inputs. What is the frame rate? What is the frame
duration? What is the bit rate? What is the bit duration?

Solution
Figure 6.16 shows the output for four arbitrary inputs.

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Figure 6.16 Example 7

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Synchronizing

 Framing bits are used to alleviate(ease) the

timing inconsistencies that may be introduced
 Usually one or two synchronization bits are added
to beginning and end of each frame that allows the
DEMUX to synchronize with the incoming stream
so it can separate time slots accurately

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Framing Bits example

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 Example 8

We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per

second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1
synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (1) the data
rate of each source, (2) the duration of each character in
each source, (3) the frame rate, (4) the duration of each
frame, (5) the number of bits in each frame, and (6) the
data rate of the link.

Solution
See next slide.
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 Solution (continued)

We can answer the questions as follows:

1. The data rate of each source is 250char x 8 bits=2000

bps = 2 Kbps.
2. The duration of a character is 1/250 s, or 4 ms.
3. The link needs to send 250 frames per second.
4. The duration of each frame is 1/250 s, or 4 ms.
5. Each frame is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits.
6. The data rate of the link is 250 x 33, or 8250 bps.

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Bit Padding

 Used when differing speeds of devices are not

integer multiples of each other (e.g. device A may
be five and a half times as fast as device B)
 MUX adds extra bits to a device’s source stream
to force speed relationships between devices into
integer multiples of each other
 Extra bits are then discarded at the DEMUX

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 Example 9
Two channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and
another with a bit rate of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed.
How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate? What
is the frame duration? What is the bit rate of the link?

Solution
We can allocate one slot to the first channel and two slots
to the second channel. Each frame carries 3 bits. The
frame rate is 100,000 frames per second because it
carries 1 bit from the first channel. The frame duration is
1/100,000 s, or 10 ms. The bit rate is 100,000 frames/s x
3 bits/frame, or 300 Kbps.
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Digital Signal (DS) Service
 Hierarchy of digital signals
 DS-0 – single channel of 64 Kbps
 DS-1 – single service or 24 DS-0 channels multiplexed to
yield 1.544 Mbps
 DS-2 – single service or 4 DS-1 channels or 96 DS-0
channels to yield 6.312 Mbps
 DS-3 – single service, 7 DS-2 channels, 28 DS-1
channels, or 672 DS-0 channels to yield 44.376 Mbps
 DS-4 – 6 DS-3 channels, 42 DS-2 channels, 168 DS-1
channels, 4032 DS-0 channels to yield 274.176 Mbps

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DS Hierarchy

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T Lines
 DS and T line rates

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T Lines
 Capacity lines matching data rates of DS-1 to DS-4 services
 Digital lines designed for digital data, voice, or audio
 May be used for regular analog if sampled then multiplexed using TDM

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T-1 line for multiplexing telephone lines

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T-1 frame structure

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E Lines
 E line rates

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Inverse TDM

 Takes data stream from one high-speed line and

breaks into portions and sends over several
lower-speed lines simultaneously
 Used in bandwidth-on-demand where channels
can be used for several applications requiring
different transmission rates (i.e. voice, data,
video)

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Inverse Multiplexing

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More TDM Applications

 Second-generation cell phone companies

Divides into bands and uses FDM to combine


Then uses TDM for sharing



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 Chapter 10

Access Technologies
Broadband
Access
Technology

HFC Satellite
xDSL Wireless
Communication

Telephony- Two- Telephony- Two-

ADSL HDSL VDSL ISM MMDS LMDS
Return Way Return Way

One- Two-
Way Way

Notes
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