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    AEF2e_5_7A_Grammar_Bank

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    AEF2e_5_7A_Grammar_Bank

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    afnan a.muhammad
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    1 views5 pages

    AEF2e_5_7A_Grammar_Bank

    Uploaded by

    afnan a.muhammad

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    7A permission, obligation, and necessity

    can, must, should, ought to, had better


    1 The most common modal verbs for talking about permission and
    obligation are can / could, must, and should / ought to. Must is the most formal and

    often occurs on public signs or notices having to do with laws, rules, etc.
    I couldn’t take any photos in the gallery, so I bought some postcards of the
    paintings.
    Passengers on the bus must not distract the driver.
    We should / ought to take the highway home – it’s much quicker.
    2 We can use should have + past participle to talk about past events which did not
    happen and which we regret.
    We should have taken the highway home – it would have been quicker.
    3 Had better is stronger and more urgent than should / ought to and is often used to

    give strong advice or a warning. It normally refers to the immediate future.


    You’d better send the packages today or they won’t get there in time.
    7A permission, obligation, and necessity

    have to / have got to


    1 We also use have to to express obligations. It can be used in any tense.
    All passengers will have to fill in an immigration form on arrival.
    You don’t have to tip here unless you think the service was especially good.

    2 We can also use have got to to express obligation. It is less formal than
    have to and mostly used in spoken English.

    I’ve got to buy a birthday present for my brother.


    7A permission, obligation, and necessity

    need
    1 We use need / don’t need + to + infinitive to say that something is necessary /
    unnecessary. You can use these forms for habitual, general, and specific
    necessity.
    You usually need to check in at least two hours before a flight leaves.
    I don’t need to take a jacket. It’s going to be hot today.

    2 When something was not necessary, but you did it, you can use
    didn’t need to + infinitive.
    We didn’t need to make a reservation. The restaurant is empty!

    3 When something was not necessary, so you did not do it, you also use didn’t
    need to.
    We had plenty of gas so we didn’t need to stop, which saved time.
    7A permission, obligation, and necessity

    be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to, be supposed to


    1 We often use be able to or be allowed to + infinitive to talk about what is
    possible or permitted instead of can, particularly when we want to use a
    form which can does not have.
    Starting tomorrow, we won’t be able to park on this street.
    You’re not allowed to smoke in any public buildings in our country.
    2 be permitted to + infinitive is used in formal situations, e.g., notices and
    announcements, to say what can / can’t be done according to the law or

    to rules and regulations.


    It is not permitted to use a cell phone while taking a test.
    7A permission, obligation, and necessity

    be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to, be supposed to


    3 We can also use be supposed to + infinitive to say what people should or
    shouldn’t do, often because of rules. There is often a suggestion that the
    rules are not necessarily obeyed, e.g., Students are not supposed to have
    guests after 12:00, but everyone does.

    We are supposed to check in at 3:30. What’s the time now?


    You aren’t supposed to park here – it’s a hospital entrance.

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