propertise of matter

PHY 102: General Physics III
(Behaviour of Matter)
(2 Units 30 LH)
Contact Details:
Name: Dosunmu G. O. (PhD)

.
Email: gdosunmu@pau.edu.ng
Catalogue Description
• Heat and temperature, temperature scales; gas laws; general gas
equation; thermal conductivity; first Law of thermodynamics;
heat, work and internal energy, reversibility; thermodynamic
processes; adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric; second law of
thermodynamics; heat engines and entropy, Zero’s law of
thermodynamics; kinetic theory of gases; molecular collisions
and mean free path; elasticity; Hooke's law, Young's shear and
bulk moduli; hydrostatics; pressure, buoyancy, Archimedes'
principles; Bernoulli’s equation and incompressible fluid flow;
surface tension; adhesion, cohesion, viscosity, capillarity, drops
and bubbles.
Course Outline
 Molecular treatment of properties of Matter
 Mechanical Properties of solid:
• Elasticity and Hooke’s Law, Young’s, Shear and Bulk
Moduli
 Fluid Statics
 Fluid Dynamics
 Heat and Temperature
 Thermodynamics
Learning Assessment
• Learning will be evaluated through continuous assessment:

 Participation
5%
 Class engagement (CAQ)

10%
 Class tests or exercises (CA2 and CA2)

20%
Recommended Texts
 Giambattista A, Richardson B and Richardson RC (2010). College Physics. Boston:
McGraw Hill Higher Education.
 Jewett J and Serway RA (2008). Physics for Scientists and Engineers. Bemount:
Thompson Higher Education
 Halliday D Resnick R and Walker J (1997). Fundamental of Physics. New York:

Wiley and Sons
 Adewale OA. (2020). Physics for University Beginners. Volume One. Unilag Press.
Lagos, Nigeria.
 Schaum’s Outline of College Physics, Ninth Edition
 Akintunde OA (2022). Wordnota Solution Physics Practice Text.

Molecular Explanation of properties of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Everything

on earth has volume and weight.
That means everything on earth is matter! The amount of space

something occupies is its volume. The idea that matter is made up of
atoms dates back to the ancient Greeks.
According to the Greek philosopher Democritus, if a pure substance: say, a piece

of iron were cut into smaller and smaller bits, eventually a smallest piece of that
substance would be obtained which could not be divided further. This is called an
ATOM.
Then what are the composition of Matter ?

Composition of Matter
Matter is made up of tiny particles called

atoms and molecules. Atoms are the
smallest particle of matter. They are so
small that you cannot see them with your
eyes or even with a standard microscope.
An atom is made up of a nucleus of
neutrons (neutrally charged) and
protons (positively charged) and
electron
(negatively charged) orbiting the
nucleus. In a neutral state, an atom has
the same number of protons and
electrons.
States of Matter
Three Common States of Matter and
their characteristics.
• 1. Three
Common States of States of Matter are the physical forms in
Matter and their which a substance can exist. All matter
characteristics. exists as solids, liquids, or gases. These
• 2. Particle are called the states of matter. State of
matter is dependent on temperature and
arrangement and pressure of the surroundings.
behavior in a solid,
liquid and gas. Atoms and molecules are always in
• 3. How matter motion and colliding into each other.
changes from one
The way particles interact with each
state to another. other helps determine the state of the
matter.
States of Matter
Solids Liquids Gases
Solids
 Has a definite shape and volume.
 True solids have very rigid, ordered
structures, in fixed positions i.e. high
density
 Atoms held tightly together, therefore
incompressible
 Atoms move through vibration only,
therefore small thermal expansion
 Inter-molecular spacing is very small
compared to liquids and gases.
Liquids Gases
Has a definite volume, atoms are
Also known as vapour.
not widely separated, therefore No fixed volume or shape,
high density and small
conforms to the volume and
Compressibility
No definite shape i.e. follows the shape of its container
Atoms far apart and move
shape of its container.
Atoms move rapidly enough to independently of one another.
i.e. low density and can be
slide over one another i.e. ability
compressed.
to flow. Atoms or molecules moving at
Small thermal expansion.
 Inter-molecular spacing is large high speeds, colliding with
container, moderate thermal
compared to solids.
expansion.
Inter-molecular spacing is very
large compared to liquids.
QUESTION: Is it possible to have more
than THREE states of matter?
ANSWER: YES
Under extreme conditions, others states of matter

occur which includes: plasma, quark-gluon
plasmas, Bose-Einstein condensates, fermionic
condensates, strange matter, liquid crystals,
quantum spin liquid (QSL), superfluids,
supersolids and the paramagnetic and
ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. The
physics of studying the behavior of solids and
liquids is called Condensed Matter Physics.
CHANGE OF STATE/PHASE
A Change of State is the

change of a substance from
one Physical form to
another. Endothermic – energy is gained or added
during the change of state i.e Energy is
Question: What must absorbed.
Exothermic - Energy is released or lost
happen to particles before
they can change from one
state to another?
ANSWER: The particles
must gain or lose energy.
• N.B. When temperature changes, matter can undergo a phase
change, shifting from one form to another. All matter can move
from one state to another. It may require extreme temperatures
or extreme pressures, but it can be done. During change of state,
the physical properties changes while the chemical properties
remains unchanged. The diagram below shows the list of the
names of the phase changes.
QUESTION : What happens to the temperature of a
substance as it changes state?
• Answer: As a substance changes state, its temperature remains
constant (doesn’t change) until the change of state is complete.
• The heat involved during this process is called LATENT heat

Quiz
1. Which of the following is NOT a state of matter? 3. The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to
A. Solid its:
B. Liquid A. Temperature
C. Gas B. Volume
D. Plasma C. Number of molecules
E. Vacuum D. Mass
E. Density
2. Which property is common to solids but not to 4. Which of the following best describes the behavior
liquids or gases? of particles in a gas?
A. Definite volume A. They vibrate about fixed positions.
B. Definite shape B. They are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.
C. Ability to flow C. They move randomly and are far apart.
D. Compressibility D. They slide past each other in close contact.
E. Low density E. They move in circular orbits around a fixed center.
8. Which of the following quantities is a measure of
5. At absolute zero, the particles in a substance:
the disorder or randomness of the particles in a
A. Move at the speed of light.
system?
B. Have maximum kinetic energy.
A. Temperature
C. Have no kinetic energy.
B. Pressure
D. Have maximum potential energy.
C. Entropy
E. Exist as plasma.
D. Volume
E. Internal energy
6. The change from a solid to a gas without passing
through the liquid state is called:
9. In which state of matter do the particles have the
A. Melting
least kinetic energy?
B. Freezing
A. Gas
C. Evaporation
B. Liquid
D. Sublimation
C. Solid
E. Condensation
D. Plasma
7. Which of the following statements about liquids is E. Bose-Einstein condensate
TRUE?
10. Thank you for listening.
A. Liquids have a definite shape.
B. Liquids are easily compressed.
C. Liquids have a definite volume.
D. Liquid particles are arranged in a regular pattern.
E. Liquid particles do not move.
• REFERENCE
 Giambattista A, Richardson B and Richardson RC (2010). College Physics. Boston: McGraw

Hill Higher Education.
 Jewett J and Serway RA (2008). Physics for Scientists and Engineers. Bemount: Thompson
Higher Education
 Halliday D Resnick R and Walker J (1997). Fundamental of Physics. New York: Wiley and
Sons
 Adewale OA. (2020). Physics for University Beginners. Volume One. Unilag Press. Lagos,
Nigeria.
 Schaum’s Outline of College Physics, Ninth Edition
 Hafez A. Radi • John O. Rasmussen Principles of Physics For Scientists and

Engineers

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PHY 102: General Physics III

Name: Dosunmu G. O. (PhD)

• Learning will be evaluated through continuous assessment:

 Class engagement (CAQ)

 Class tests or exercises (CA2 and CA2)

 Halliday D Resnick R and Walker J (1997). Fundamental of Physics. New York:

 Schaum’s Outline of College Physics, Ninth Edition

 Akintunde OA (2022). Wordnota Solution Physics Practice Text.

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Everything

That means everything on earth is matter! The amount of space

According to the Greek philosopher Democritus, if a pure substance: say, a piece

Then what are the composition of Matter ?

Matter is made up of tiny particles called

Solids Liquids Gases

Under extreme conditions, others states of matter

A Change of State is the

• The heat involved during this process is called LATENT heat

 Giambattista A, Richardson B and Richardson RC (2010). College Physics. Boston: McGraw

 Schaum’s Outline of College Physics, Ninth Edition

 Hafez A. Radi • John O. Rasmussen Principles of Physics For Scientists and

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