Engineering Hydrology

22ITCE012:
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
TOPICS: RESERVOIR AND LAKE EVAPORATION ESTIMATION, METHODS TO
REDUCE EVAPORATION
Presented by:
KALYANI AJAX
M1 HE
Roll No: 2410063
College of Engineering, Trivandrum
EVAPORATION
• Evaporation from free water surfaces and soil are of great importance in
hydro-metereological studies.
• Evaporation can happen:
(a) from water surface, i.e., reservoirs, lakes, ponds, river channels, etc.
(b) from soil surface, appreciably when the ground water table is very
near the soil surface.
RESERVOIR AND LAKE EVAPORATION
• Reservoir and lake evaporation refers to the process by which water from a
reservoir or lake surface is lost to the atmosphere as water vapor.
• It is a significant factor in water resource management, especially in regions

where water supply is limited.
• Understanding and managing evaporation from these water bodies is crucial

for optimizing water usage, especially in areas relying on reservoirs for
drinking water, agriculture, or hydroelectric power generation.
(contd…)
• Factors affecting reservoir or lake evaporation:
a) Temperature: Higher air temperatures increase the energy available for

water molecules to evaporate.
b) Humidity: Evaporation rates decrease when humidity levels are high, as

the air already holds significant moisture.
c) Wind velocity: Increased wind speeds remove the humid air above the
water surface, promoting more evaporation.
d) Solar Radiation: Direct sunlight provides energy, increasing water

temperatures and thus enhancing evaporation.
(contd…)
• Factors affecting reservoir or lake evaporation:
e) Surface area: The larger the water surface area, the greater the
potential for evaporation.
f) Water depth: Shallow bodies of water tend to heat up faster, leading

to higher evaporation rates.
g) Water salinity: Saltier water tends to have lower evaporation rates

compared to freshwater because the presence of dissolved salts
raises the boiling point and lowers the vapor pressure.
ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION
• Evaporation from water surfaces can be determined from the following methods :
(i) The storage equation: P + I ± Og = E + O ± S
where P = Precipitation
I = surface inflow
Og = subsurface inflow or outflow
E = evaporation
O = surface outflow
S = change in surface water storage
(ii) Auxiliary pans like land pans, floating pans, colarado sunken pans, etc.
ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION (contd...)
(iii) Evaporation formula like that of Dalton’s law
(iv) Humidity and wind velocity gradients
(v) The energy budget—this method involves too many hydrometeorological factors
(variables) with too much sophisticated instrumentation and hence it is a specialist
approach
(vi) The water budget equation
(vii) Combination of aerodynamic and energy balance equations—Penman’s equation

(involves too many variables)
METHODS TO REDUCE LAKE EVAPORATION
1. Storage reservoirs:
Storage reservoirs of more depth and less surface area, i.e., by choosing a
cross section of the reservoir like a deep gorge while the surface water is
exposed to temperature gradients the deeper waters are cool; from this
standpoint a large reservoir is preferable to a number of small reservoirs (while
it is the reverse from the point of flood control).
Fig.1: Reservoir in a deep gorge

2. By growing tall trees like Causerina on the windward side of the reservoirs to act as wind
breakers.
3. By spraying certain chemicals or fatty acids and formation of films. By spreading a

monomolecular layer of acetyl alcohol (hexadecanol) C16H33OH over the reservoir
surface (from boats)—a film is formed on the surface which is only 0.015 micron
(approx.) in thickness. It is a polar compound and it has great affinity for water on one
side (hydrophilic) and repels water on the other side (hydrophobic). The film will only
allow precipitation from the top into it but will not allow water molecules to escape from it.
This method is readily effective when the wind velocities are less. If the wind velocity is
more, it will sweep the film off the water surface and deposit it on the bank.
4. By providing mechanical coverings like thin polythene sheets to small agricultural ponds
and lakes.
5. By allowing flow of water, temperature is reduced and evaporation is reduced; i.e., by
designing the outlet works so that the warmer surface water can be released.
6. By removing the water loving weeds and plants like Phreatophytes from the periphery of
the reservoir.
7. By straightening the stream-channels the exposed area of the water surface (along the
length) is reduced and hence evaporation is reduced.
8. By developing underground reservoirs, since the evaporation from a ground water table
is very much less than the evaporation from a water surface.
9. If the reservoir is surrounded by huge trees and forest, the evaporation loss will be less
due to cooler environment.

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22ITCE012:

• Evaporation can happen:

• It is a significant factor in water resource management, especially in regions

• Understanding and managing evaporation from these water bodies is crucial

a) Temperature: Higher air temperatures increase the energy available for

b) Humidity: Evaporation rates decrease when humidity levels are high, as

d) Solar Radiation: Direct sunlight provides energy, increasing water

f) Water depth: Shallow bodies of water tend to heat up faster, leading

g) Water salinity: Saltier water tends to have lower evaporation rates

(i) The storage equation: P + I ± Og = E + O ± S

Og = subsurface inflow or outflow

S = change in surface water storage

(iv) Humidity and wind velocity gradients

(vi) The water budget equation

(vii) Combination of aerodynamic and energy balance equations—Penman’s equation

Fig.1: Reservoir in a deep gorge

3. By spraying certain chemicals or fatty acids and formation of films. By spreading a

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