Cell Structure and Cell Organization and Function

Chapter 2 Cell Structure And Cell
Organisation
Cell Structure And Function

Cell Structure And Cell Organisation
Cells Structure
Cells are basic units of life.
Both plant and animal cells have protoplasm which surrounded

by plasma membrane and made up of cytoplasm and nucleus.
Cytoplasm contains organelles which can perform specific

function.
In plant cells, plasma membrane is surrounded by cell wall.

Animal
AnimalCell
Cell
Ribosomes
Centrioles Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Rough endoplasmic
Cytoplasm
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmic
Golgi apparatus
reticulum
Plasma membrane
Overview of an Animal Cell
IIlustration of a
generalized animal
cell
Plant Cell
Mitochondria Chloroplast
Cell sap
Vacuole
Tonoplast
Nucleus
Plasma
membrane
Cell wall
Plant cells have chloroplasts in addition to all Illustration of a generalized

organelles in animal cells except centrioles. plant cell
Functions
Functionsof
ofCellular
CellularComponents
Components––
Plant
PlantCell
Cell
Chloroplast
Cell sap
Vacuole
Tonoplast
Cytoplasm Nucleus
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Filled with cell sap which maintain turgidity of cells in plants.

Contains
Acts as as
Acts a selective
a genetic
medium barrier.
forinformation
biochemical which determines
reactions.
Maintain
Traps andvacuoles
convert shape
light of a plant cell.
characteristics
Contractile help energy
and functions toof a to chemical
cell.
regulate energy
organisms’ water
during
balance.
Controls photosynthesis.
Provides substances
movement
Provide of required
mechanical bysupport.
substances organelles.
into and out of
Controls all activities of cell.
cytoplasm.
Storage place of water, sugar, mineral salts.
Functions
Functionsof
ofCellular
CellularComponents
Components––
Animal
AnimalCell
Cell
Lysosome
Ribosomes
Centrioles
Endoplasmic
Mitochondrion
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER).

• Synthesis and transport protein.
• Hasworn
Eliminate
Processes, Siteout
ribosomes
packages mitochondria
attached
of protein and itsand
totransports
synthesis. other
surface. damage
molecule
organelles.
synthesises
Smooth inspindle
cell.
endoplasmic reticulum
Produce
Involve in cellular
fibres during cell(Smooth
respiration. division. ER).
• Does
Contain not
enzymes have
Consist
which ribosomes.
of RNA. the break down of protein.
control
Forms lysosomes.
• Sites of metabolic reaction such as lipid synthesis.
Comparison
Comparisonbetween
betweenthe
theStructure
Structureof
ofan
an
Animal Cell and a Plant Cell
Animal Cell and a Plant Cell
Similarities
Both have nucleus, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, cytoplasm,

plasma membrane, vacuole and endoplasmic reticulum
Differences
Animal cell Structure Plant cell
No fixed shape Shape Fixed shape

Has cellulose
No cell wall Cell wall
cell wall
Small vacuole Vacuoles Large vacuole
No chloroplast Chloroplast Has chloroplast
Glycogen Food storage Starch

Cell Structure And Cell
Organisation
Cell Organisation
Cell Organisation
Small and simple organisms made

up of single cell.
Example : Amoeba sp., Paramecium

Unicellular sp., yeast and Chlamydomonas.
Organisms
Amoeba sp. live in freshwater

environment as well as in soil water.
Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp.

Chlamydomonas sp.
Cell Organisation
Amoebasp.
Amoeba sp.- -Movement
Movement
Form pseudopodia that help it to move forward.
It moves by extending temporary pseudopodia.
The shape of amoeba changes as it moves.

Cell Organisation
Amoebasp.
Amoeba sp.- -Feeding
Feeding
Amoeba extending Surrounds and Formation of food

pseudopodia engulf food particle vacuole
Microscopic view:
AmoebaPhagocytosis
feeding on
protista
Food is digested and nutrients Lysozyme secreted

are absorbed into cytoplasm into food vacuole
Cell Organisation
Amoebasp.
Amoeba sp.- -Reproduction
Reproduction
Amoeba sp. reproduces asexually by binary fission.
Form spores under unfavorable condition.
Amoeba sp. divides Nucleus divides Cytoplasm divides Two new cells are
after it has grown formed
to a certain size
Cell Organisation
Cell Specialisation In Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular organisms have more than one

cell.
Each type of cell is different in size, shape

and structure.
To perform their task effectively, cells will go

through differentiation process and
specialisation.
For example: Nerve cells have long, thin

fibres called axons which conduct nerve
impulse.
Cell Organisation
Cell Organisation In Multicellular Organisms
Cells
Cells Basicunits
Basic unitsofoflife
life
Similarcell
Similar cellcarry
carryout
outaaparticular
particular
Tissues
Tissues function.
function.
Organ AAgroup
groupofoftissues
tissuesthat
thatexecute
execute
Organ
aaspecialised
specialisedfunction.
function.
Severals organ
Multicellular
Multicellular
System
System
All system work Organism
Organism
together
Cell Organisation
Cell Organisation in Animals
Tissues
Tissues
Epithelial
Nerve tissue
tissue
Connective
Muscle tissue
tissue
Cell Organisation
Consist of epithelial cells arranged in a continuous layer.
Form exocrine and endocrine glands which produce

secretions.
Epithelial tissue
Structure of an epithelial tissue is adjusted to its function.
Example: Epithelial lining of skin protect underlying cells

from infections.
Epithelial lining Epithelial lining Epithelial lining Epithelial lining of

of skin of glands of trachea small intestine
Cell Organisation
Made up of cells called muscle fibres.

Muscle tissue
Most abundant tissue in the body.
3 types of muscle tissues
Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle

Can be found in blood Can be found in arms Found in the wall of
vessels, intestines. and legs. heart.
Responsible for Involved in voluntary Contract to pump
involuntary body movement. blood to all parts of
activities. body.
Cell Organisation
Connective Tissue
Specialized connective tissue
Blood cells Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone

Produce in bone Acts as an energy Strong, flexible Provides
marrow. reserve. connective tissue. protection and
Function : Found in dermis of Provides support to give support to the
regulate, skin. the nose, ears and body.
transport and bones at joints.
protective.
Cell Organisation
Nerve tissue
Send and receive impulse

Made up of neurones or
to coordinate body’s
nerve cells.
activities.
Cell Organisation
A group of different tissues that work

together to perform a particular function.
Organ
Organ
Examples: Heart, skin, kidneys, eyes and
ears.
Epithelial cells Epithelial tissue
Skin
Muscle cells Muscle tissue
Formation of Human Skin
Cell Organisation
Several organs which work together to do

a specific function.
System
Human body has 11 major system.
Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Digestive Excretory

system system system system system
Nervous Reproductive Lymphatic Endocrine Respiratory

system system system system system
Cell Organisation
CellOrganisation
Cell OrganisationIn
InPlants
Plants––Tissues
Tissues
Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

Cell Organisation
CellOrganisation
Cell OrganisationIn
InPlants
Plants––
Tissues
Tissues
Meristematic
tissue
Consist of undifferentiated Produces new cells by cell

cells which are able to divide. division.
Cell Organisation
CellOrganisation
Cell OrganisationInInPlants
Plants
Permanent
tissue
Epidermal Vascular
Ground tissues tissues
tissues
• Covers stems, Parenchyma tissue Phloem
leaves and roots of • Store sugar and starch. • Transport nutrient
young plants. such as glucose
• Give support and shape to herbaceous from leaves to root
• Cuticle lessens plant. and stems.
water loss.
Collenchyma tissue
• Protect plant from • Have unevenly thickened cell walls. Xylem
mechanical injury • • Transport water and
Support non-woody plants, young stems
and infection. mineral salts from
and petioles.
roots to stems and
• Ex : Guard cells of Scleronchyma tissue leaves.
stomata. • Have cell walls uniformly thickened by • Provides support to
lignin.
plant.
• Give support to mature region plant.
Cell Organisation
Organs And Systems In Plant
Organ
Organinin
plants
plants
Leaf Stem Root Flower
Flower
Fruit
System
Systeminin
plants Shoot Stem
plants system
Leaf
Root system Shoot system
Consist of taps roots Consist of stems,

and lateral roots of leaves, buds, flowers Root
plant. and fruit. system Root
Cell Organisation
RegulatingThe
Regulating TheInternal
Internal
Environment
Environment
The Internal Environment Of Multicellular Organisms
Internal environment refer to reaction inside organism to external changes by its

own metabolism.
Consists of the interstitial fluid and the blood plasma.
Chemical Factors Physical Factors

 Factors affecting 
Salt and sugar content. Temperature
internal
 pH value environment  Blood pressure
 Osmotic pressure
Cell Organisation
Regulating The Internal Environment
The Necessity For Maintaining An Optimal Internal Environment
Regulation of physical and chemical factors in internal

environment so that it is always constant for the cell to
function best.
Changes in glucose, oxygen levels and temperature of

body will affect the metabolism of the body.
These changes regulated by homeostatic mechanisms

Homeostasis so that metabolic processes can proceed at optimum
rate.
The mechanism that controls homeostasis is called

negative feedback mechanism.
In negative feedback, any different from normal range

of function is opposed.
Cell Organisation
Involvement Of Various Systems In Maintaining An

Optimal Internal Environment
Systems in the body work together to maintain a stable internal
environment.
Example :
Body temperature Transmit

Skin’s receptor information
rises above normal
detect changes. to
level.
Normal body
temperature 37ºC.
Body temperature Nervous system Hypothalamus

drops towards signals blood vessel
normal through to dilate and sweat
evaporation. gland to secrete.
Normal body temperature is maintained by the negative feedback

mechanism.
Cell Organisation
Normal Regulation Of Blood Sugar
Blood sugar level Blood sugar level

RISES FALLS
 Promotes insulin
release
 Stimulate formation
of glycogen.
Normal sugar level Normal sugar level
 Stimulate glucose
uptake from blood.
Blood sugar level Blood sugar level

FALLS  RISES
Promotes glucagon
release
 Stimulates glycogen
break down.
Cell Structure And Cell
Organisation
Appreciating The Uniqueness Of The Cell

Every cellular component has its own

specific function.
Uniqueness
UniquenessOfOf
The
TheCell
Cell
Survival of cell will be threatened if cell

lacks particular component.
Production Of Secretion In The Cell
Nucleus send information to ribosomes Nucleus Cell membrane

to build protein. Protein expelled
Rough endoplasmic
Protein is synthesised and transported reticulum
by endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi
apparatus in small vesicles. Secretory
vesicle
Ribosome
Proteins are modified into specific
secretions by Golgi apparatus.
Product is sorted and packaged in

vesicles which are then budded off
from Golgi apparatus. Transport
vesicle Golgi
apparatus
Smooth
Vesicles are transferred to plasma endoplasmic
membrane and fused with it to release reticulum
their contents outside cell.
Predicted state of a cell

without a particular
cellular component
Motichondria Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Not have enough
(ER)
energy for cell Nucleus Cytoplasm
activities. • Synthesis and
• The cells would • Cells would lose transport of
• The cell dies. not be able to their shapes and proteins would
reproduce. rigidities. stop.
• Enzyme
• All cell activities
production
are affected.
become fewer.
THE END OF
TODAY’S CLASS

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Chapter 2 Cell Structure And Cell

Cell Structure And Function

Cell Structure And Function

Cells are basic units of life.

Both plant and animal cells have protoplasm which surrounded

Cytoplasm contains organelles which can perform specific

In plant cells, plasma membrane is surrounded by cell wall.

Cell Structure And Function

Overview of an Animal Cell

Cell Structure And Function

Plant cells have chloroplasts in addition to all Illustration of a generalized

Cell Structure And Function

Filled with cell sap which maintain turgidity of cells in plants.

Cell Structure And Function

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER).

Cell Structure And Function

Both have nucleus, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, cytoplasm,

Animal cell Structure Plant cell

No fixed shape Shape Fixed shape

No chloroplast Chloroplast Has chloroplast

Glycogen Food storage Starch

Small and simple organisms made

Example : Amoeba sp., Paramecium

Amoeba sp. live in freshwater

Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp.

Form pseudopodia that help it to move forward.

It moves by extending temporary pseudopodia.

The shape of amoeba changes as it moves.

Amoeba extending Surrounds and Formation of food

Food is digested and nutrients Lysozyme secreted

Amoeba sp. reproduces asexually by binary fission.

Form spores under unfavorable condition.

Cell Specialisation In Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular organisms have more than one

Each type of cell is different in size, shape

To perform their task effectively, cells will go

For example: Nerve cells have long, thin

Cell Organisation In Multicellular Organisms

Cell Organisation in Animals

Consist of epithelial cells arranged in a continuous layer.

Form exocrine and endocrine glands which produce

Example: Epithelial lining of skin protect underlying cells

Epithelial lining Epithelial lining Epithelial lining Epithelial lining of

Made up of cells called muscle fibres.

3 types of muscle tissues

Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle

Specialized connective tissue

Blood cells Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone

Send and receive impulse

A group of different tissues that work

Epithelial cells Epithelial tissue

Several organs which work together to do

Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Digestive Excretory

Nervous Reproductive Lymphatic Endocrine Respiratory

Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

Consist of undifferentiated Produces new cells by cell

Organs And Systems In Plant

Leaf Stem Root Flower

Consist of taps roots Consist of stems,

The Internal Environment Of Multicellular Organisms