chemistry

WEEK 10
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

LESSON ONE
CHEMICAL EQUATION
• A chemical reaction is represented by a chemical equation. The substances on the left side
of the equation are called the reactants and the substances on the right side are called the
products.
• Write a balanced equation for the reaction between solid cobalt (III) oxide and solid
carbon to produce solid cobalt and carbon dioxide gas.
• Write a balanced equation for the combustion of gaseous butane (C4H10), a fuel used in
portable stoves and grills, in which it combines with gaseous oxygen to form gaseous
carbon dioxide and gaseous water.
• Write a balanced equation for the reaction between solid silicon dioxide and solid carbon
to produce solid silicon carbide and carbon monoxide gas.
• Write a balanced equation for the combustion of gaseous ethane (C2H6), a minority
component of natural gas, in which it combines with gaseous oxygen to form gaseous
carbon dioxide and gaseous water.
Solutions and Solubility
• When a solid is put into a liquid solvent, the attractive forces that hold
the solid together (the solute- solute interactions) come into
competition with the attractive forces between the solvent molecules
and the particles that compose the solid (the solvent-solute
interactions)
• For example, when sodium chloride is put into water, there is a
competition between the attraction of Na+ cations and Cl- anions to
each other (due to their opposite charges) and the attraction of Na+
and Cl- to water molecules. The attraction of Na+ and Cl- to water is
based on the polar nature of the water molecule.
• The oxygen atom in water is electron-rich, giving it a partial negative charge (8- ).
The hydrogen atoms, in contrast, are electron-poor, giving them a partial positive
charge (8+). As a result, the positively charged sodium ions are strongly attracted to
the oxygen side of the water molecule, and the negatively charged chloride ions are
attracted to the hydrogen side of the water molecule.
• In the case of NaCl, the attraction between the separated ions and many water
molecules overcomes the attraction of sodium and chloride ions to each other, and
the sodium chloride dissolves in the water
• Sugar dissolves because the attraction between sugar molecules and water
molecules overcomes the attraction of sugar molecules to each other. So, unlike a
sodium chloride solution (which is composed of dissociated ions), a sugar solution is
composed of intact C12H22O11 molecules homogeneously mixed with the water
molecules.
• Substances such as sodium chloride that completely dissociate into ions
when they dissolve in water are strong electrolytes, and the resulting
solutions are strong electrolyte solutions.
• Compounds such as sugar that do not dissociate into ions when dissolved
in water are called nonelectrolytes, and the resulting solutions-called
nonelectrolyte solutions-do not conduct electricity.
• Acids are molecular compounds, but they do ionize-form ions- when they
dissolve in water. Hydrochloric acid (HCI) is a molecular compound that
ionizes into H+ and Cl- when it dissolves in water. HCl is an example of a
strong acid, which means that it completely ionizes in solution. Since
strong acids completely ionize in solution, they are also strong electrolytes.
The Solubility of Ionic
Compounds
• Many acids are weak acids; they do not completely ionize in water. For example,
acetic acid CH3COOH, the acid present in vinegar, is a weak acid. A solution of a
weak acid is composed mostly of the non-ionized form of the acid molecules-only
a small percentage of the acid molecules ionize.
• Not all ionic compounds dissolve completely in water. If we add AgCl to water, for
example, it remains solid and appears as a white powder at the bottom of the
water.
• In general, a compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water and insoluble if it
does not.
• There is no easy way to tell whether a particular compound is soluble or insoluble
just by looking at its formula. For now, we can follow a set of empirical rules that
chemists have inferred from observations on many ionic compounds.
Types of Chemical Reactions
• Aqueous chemical reactions are those that occur in water. Because of
its molecular shape and uneven distribution of electrons, water
dissolves many ionic and covalent substances. In water, many ionic
compounds and a few simple, H-containing covalent compounds, such
as HCl, dissociate into ions.
• A molecular equation shows all substances intact and undissociated
into ions.
Types of Chemical Equations
The molecular equation reveals the least about the species that are
actually in solution because it shows all the reactants and products as
if they were intact, undissociated compounds. Only the designation for
solid, (s), tells that a change has occurred:
• A total ionic equation shows all soluble ionic compounds as separate,

solvated ions. Spectator ions appear unchanged on both sides of the
equation.
• The total ionic equation is much more accurate because it shows all
the soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions. The Ag2CrO4(s)
stands out as the only undissociated substance:
• The charges balance: four positive and four negative for a net zero
charge on the left, and two positive and two negative for a net zero
charge on the right.
• Notice that Na+(aq) and NO3-(aq) appear unchanged on both sides of
the equation. These are called spectator ions. They are not involved
in the actual chemical change but are present only as part of the
reactants; that is, we can’t add an Ag+ ion without also adding an
anion, in this case, the NO3- ion.
• A net ionic equation eliminates the spectator ions and, thus, shows
only the actual chemical change.
• The net ionic equation is very useful because it eliminates the
spectator ions and shows only the actual chemical change:
• The formation of solid silver chromate from silver ions and chromate
ions is the only change. To make that point clearly, suppose we mixed
solutions of potassium chromate, K2CrO4(aq), and silver acetate,
AgC2H3O2(aq), instead of sodium chromate and silver nitrate. In that
case, only the spectator ions would differ—K+ (aq) and C2H3O2- (aq)
instead of Na+ (aq) and NO3-(aq).
Precipitation
• In a precipitation reaction, two soluble ionic compounds react to
form an insoluble product, a precipitate.
• A precipitation reaction occurs in aqueous solution because one
product is insoluble. A precipitate is an insoluble solid compound
formed during a chemical reaction in solution.
• Precipitation reactions occur when soluble ionic compounds exchange
ions (metathesis) and form an insoluble product (precipitate), in
which the ions attract each other so strongly that their attraction to
water molecules cannot pull them apart.
Precipitation
• Precipitates form for the same reason that some ionic compounds
don’t dissolve: the electrostatic attraction between the ions
outweighs the tendency of the ions to remain solvated and move
throughout the solution. When the two solutions are mixed, the ions
collide and stay together, and a solid product “comes out of solution.”
Thus, the key event in a precipitation reaction is the formation of an
insoluble product through the net removal of ions from solution.
Predicting Solubility
• Three steps help us predict if a precipitate forms:
• 1. Note the ions in the reactants.
• 2. Consider all possible cation-anion combinations.
• Decide whether any combination is insoluble.
Solubility Rules for Ionic
Compounds
Soluble Ionic Compounds in water
• 1. All common compounds of Group 1A (1) ions (Li+, Na+, K+, etc.) and
ammonium ion (NH4+) are soluble.
• 2. All common nitrates (NO3-), acetates (CH3COO- or C2H3O2-), and most
perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble.
• 3. All common chlorides (Cl-), bromides (Br-), and iodides (I-) are soluble,
except those of Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+, and Hg22+. All common fluorides (F-) are
soluble, except those of Pb2+ and Group 2A (2).
• 4. All common sulfates (SO42-) are soluble, except those of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+,
Ag+, and Pb2+.
Insoluble Ionic Compounds
• 1. All common metal hydroxides are insoluble, except those of Group
1A(1) and the larger members of Group 2A(2) (beginning with Ca2+).
• 2. All common carbonates (CO32-) and phosphates (PO43-) are
insoluble, except those of Group 1A(1) and NH4+.
• 3. All common sulfides are insoluble except those of Group
1A(1),Group 2A(2), and NH4+.
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
• Write a net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction that occurs (if any)
when solutions of potassium carbonate and nickel(II) chloride are mixed.
when solutions of ammonium chloride and iron(III) nitrate are mixed.
when solutions of sodium hydroxide and copper(II) bromide are mixed.
• Predict whether each compound is soluble or insoluble:
(a) NiS (b) Mg3(PO4)3 (c) Li2CO3 (d) NH4Cl

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WEEK 10

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• A total ionic equation shows all soluble ionic compounds as separate,

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