DS22: Network & Internet Technologies

Dr. Rafat Parveen

Professor
Department of Computer Science.
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025
 CSC202: Network Technologies

Unit-1: Introduction to Computer Networks;

Communication Media and Nodes; Workstations; Hosts and Servers;
Packets, Frames, and Cells; Networking Capabilities; Peer-to-Peer
Networking and Workgroups; Networking with Servers; Client-Server
Networking; Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Enterprise Network; Networking
Standards and their Types; ISO-OSI Model; TCP/IP Model.
DEFINTION & APPLICATIONS

 DEFINTION:
A computer network is defined as the interconnection
of two or more computers. It is done to enable the
computers to communicate and share available
resources.
 APPLICATIONS:
i. Sharing of resources such as printers
ii. Sharing of expensive software's and database
iii. Communication from one computer to another
computer
iv. Exchange of data and information among
users via
network
v. Sharing of information over geographically
wide areas.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
NETWORK
 Two or more computers
 Cables as links between the computers
 A network interfacing card(NIC) on each
computer
 Switches
 Software called operating system(OS)
NETWORK
BENEFITS
 The network provided to the users can
be divided into two categories:
i. Sharing
ii. Connectivity
SHARING
RESOURCES
 Types of resources are:
1. Hardware: A network allows users to share
many hardware devices such as printers
, modems, fax machines, CD ROM, players,
etc.
2. Software: sharing software resources reduces
the cost of software installation, saves space on
hard disk.
OTHER BENEFITS OF
COMPUTER NETWORK
o Increased speed
o Reduced cost
o Improved security
o Centralized software managements
o Electronic mail
o Flexible access
DISDAVATAGES OF
NETWORKS
o High cost of installation
o Requires time for administration
o Failure of server
o Cable faults
Transmission Media
Overview

Guided - wire
Unguided - wireless
Characteristics and quality determined by medium and signal
For guided, the medium is more important
For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is more
important
Key concerns are data rate and distance
Guided Transmission Media

Twisted Pair
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber
 Transmission Characteristics of
Guided Media
Frequency Typical Typical Repeater
Range Attenuation Delay Spacing
Twisted pair 0 to 3.5 kHz 0.2 dB/km @ 50 µs/km 2 km
(with loading) 1 kHz

Twisted pairs 0 to 1 MHz 0.7 dB/km @ 5 µs/km 2 km

(multi-pair 1 kHz
cables)
Coaxial cable 0 to 500 MHz 7 dB/km @ 10 4 µs/km 1 to 9 km
MHz
Optical fiber 186 to 370 0.2 to 0.5 5 µs/km 40 km
THz dB/km
Twisted Pair
Twisted Pair - Applications

Most common medium

Telephone network
Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop)
Within buildings
To private branch exchange (PBX)
For local area networks (LAN)
10Mbps or 100Mbps
Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons

Cheap
Easy to work with
Low data rate
Short range
Twisted Pair - Transmission
Characteristics
Analog
Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
Digital
Use either analog or digital signals
repeater every 2km or 3km
Limited distance
Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
Limited data rate (100MHz)
Susceptible to interference and noise
Near End Crosstalk

Coupling of signal from one pair to another

Coupling takes place when transmit signal entering the link
couples back to receiving pair
i.e. near transmitted signal is picked up by near receiving pair
Unshielded and Shielded TP

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Ordinary telephone wire
Cheapest
Easiest to install
Suffers from external EM interference
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference
More expensive
Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
UTP Categories

Cat 3
up to 16MHz
Voice grade found in most offices
Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm
Cat 4
up to 20 MHz
Cat 5
up to 100MHz
Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings
Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
Cat 5E (Enhanced) –see tables
Cat 6
Cat 7
 Comparison of Shielded and
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Attenuation (dB per 100 m) Near-end Crosstalk (dB)

Frequency Category 3 Category 5 150-ohm Category 3 Category 5 150-ohm

(MHz) UTP UTP STP UTP UTP STP

1 2.6 2.0 1.1 41 62 58

4 5.6 4.1 2.2 32 53 58

16 13.1 8.2 4.4 23 44 50.4

25 — 10.4 6.2 — 41 47.5

100 — 22.0 12.3 — 32 38.5

300 — — 21.4 — — 31.3

 Twisted Pair Categories and
Classes
Category 3 Category 5 Category Category 6 Category 7
Class C Class D 5E Class E Class F

Bandwidth 16 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz

Cable Type UTP UTP/FTP UTP/FTP UTP/FTP SSTP

Link Cost 0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2.2

(Cat 5 =1)
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable Applications

Most versatile medium

Television distribution
Ariel to TV
Cable TV
Long distance telephone transmission
Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
Being replaced by fiber optic
Short distance computer systems links
Local area networks
Coaxial Cable - Transmission
Characteristics
Analog
Amplifiers every few km
Closer if higher frequency
Up to 500MHz
Digital
Repeater every 1km
Closer for higher data rates
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber - Benefits

Greater capacity
Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
Smaller size & weight
Lower attenuation
Electromagnetic isolation
Greater repeater spacing
10s of km at least
Optical Fiber - Applications

Long-haul trunks
Metropolitan trunks
Rural exchange trunks
Subscriber loops
LANs
Optical Fiber - Transmission
Characteristics
Act as wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz
Portions of infrared and visible spectrum
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Cheaper
Wider operating temp range
Last longer
Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
More efficient
Greater data rate
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
 Frequency Utilization for Fiber
Applications
Wavelength (in Frequency Band Fiber type Application
vacuum) range range (THz) label
(nm)

820 to 900 366 to 333 Multimode LAN

1280 to 1350 234 to 222 S Single mode Various

1528 to 1561 196 to 192 C Single mode WDM

1561 to 1620 185 to 192 L Single mode WDM

Wireless Transmission Frequencies

2GHz to 40GHz
Microwave
Highly directional
Point to point
Satellite
30MHz to 1GHz
Omnidirectional
Broadcast radio
3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014
Infrared
Local
Antennas

Electrical conductor (or system of..) used to radiate

electromagnetic energy or collect electromagnetic energy
Transmission
Radio frequency energy from transmitter
Converted to electromagnetic energy
By antenna
Radiated into surrounding environment
Reception
Electromagnetic energy impinging on antenna
Converted to radio frequency electrical energy
Fed to receiver
Same antenna often used for both
Radiation Pattern

Power radiated in all directions

Not same performance in all directions
Isotropic antenna is (theoretical) point in space
Radiates in all directions equally
Gives spherical radiation pattern
Parabolic Reflective Antenna

Used for terrestrial and satellite microwave

Parabola is locus of point equidistant from a line and a point
not on that line
Fixed point is focus
Line is directrix
Revolve parabola about axis to get paraboloid
Cross section parallel to axis gives parabola
Cross section perpendicular to axis gives circle
Source placed at focus will produce waves reflected from
parabola in parallel to axis
Creates (theoretical) parallel beam of light/sound/radio
On reception, signal is concentrated at focus, where detector
is placed
Antenna Gain

Measure of directionality of antenna

Power output in particular direction compared with that produced
by isotropic antenna
Measured in decibels (dB)
Results in loss in power in another direction
Effective area relates to size and shape
Related to gain
Terrestrial Microwave

Parabolic dish
Focused beam
Line of sight
Long haul telecommunications
Higher frequencies give higher data rates
Satellite Microwave

Satellite is relay station

Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats signal and
transmits on another frequency
Requires geo-stationary orbit
Height of 35,784km
Television
Long distance telephone
Private business networks
Satellite Point to Point Link
Satellite Broadcast Link
CLASSIFICATION OF N/Ws BY
THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTANCES
LOCAL AREA
NETWORK(LAN)
 LAN is a network which is designed to operate
over a small physical area such as an office,
factory or a group of buildings.
 LAN’s are easy to design and troubleshoot
 Exchange of information and sharing of resources
becomes easy because of LAN.
 In LAN all machines are connected to a single
cable.
 Different types of topologies such as star, tree,
bus, ring, etc Can be used
 It is usually a privately owned network.
WIDE AREA
NETWORK(WAN)
 When network spans over a large distance or when
the computers to be connected to each other are at
widely separated locations a local area network
cannot be used. A wide area network(WAN) is
installed.
 The communication between different users of
WAN is established using leased telephone
lines, satellite links and similar channels.
 It is cheaper and more efficient way to use the
phone network for the link.
 Most WAN networks are used to transfer large
blocks of data between its users.
PERSONAL AREA
NETWORK(PAN)
 A personal area network is a computer network
organized around an individual person.
 It generally consists of a mobile computer, a cell
phone or personal digital assistant. PAN enables
the communication among these devices.
 It can also be used for communication among
personal devices themselves for connecting to a
digital level network and internet.
 The PANs can be constructed using wireless or
cables.
CAMPUS AREA
NETWORK(CAN)
 The campus area network is made up of an
interconnection of LAN with limited
geographical area.
 Network equipments such as switches, routers
and the transmission media i.e. optical fibre
etc are almost entirely owned by the campus
owner.
METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK(MAN)
 It is in between LAN & WAN technology that
covers the entire city.
 It uses similar technology as LAN.
 It can be a single network such as cable TV
network, or a measure of connecting a
number of LAN’s o a large network so that
resources can be shared LAN to LAN as well as
device to device.
 WAN
LA
N

PAN

CAN
MAN
 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
LAN,WAN,MAN
PARAMETERS LAN WAN MAN
Ownership of
Private Private or public Private or public
network

Geographical
Small Very large Moderate
area covered

Design and
Easy Not easy Not easy
maintenance

Coaxial cables,
Communication PSTN or satellite PSTN, optical
Coaxial cable fibre, cables,
medium links
wireless

Bandwidth Low High moderate

Data
High Low moderate
rates(speed)
NETWORK CLASSIFICATION BY
THEIR COMPONENT
ROLE

LOCAL AREA
NETWORK

PEER TO PEER CLIENT SERVER

NETWORK NETWORK
PEER TO PEER
NETWORK
 In peer to peer network each computer is responsible for
making its own resources available to other computers on the
network.
 Each computer is responsible for setting up and maintaining
its own security for these resources.
 Also each computer is responsible for accessing the required
network resources from peer to peer relationships.
 Peer to peer network is useful for a small network
containing
less than 10 computers on a single LAN .
 In peer to peer network each computer can function as both
client and server.
 Peer to peer networks do not have a central control system.
There are no servers in peer networks.
 Peer networks are amplified into home group.
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES OF PEER TO
PEER NETWORK
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Use less expensive  Not very secure
computer hardware  No central point of
 Easy to administer storage or file archiving
 No NOS required  Additional load on
 More built in redundancy computer because of
resource sharing
 Easy setup & low cost
 Hard to maintain
version control
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK
In client-server network relationships, certain computers act as
server and other act as clients. A server is simply a computer,
that available the network resources and provides service to
other computers when they request it. A client is the computer
running a program that requests the service from a server.
 Local area network(LAN) is based on client server network
relationship.
 A client-server network is one n which all available network
resources such as files, directories, applications and shared
devices, are centrally managed and hosted and then are
accessed by client.
 Client serve network are defined by the presence of servers on a
network that provide security and administration of the
network.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
AND OF
CLIENT- SERVER
Advantages:
NETWORK Disadvantages:
 Very secure  requires professional
administration
 Better performance
 More hardware-
 Centralized backup intensive
 very reliable  More software
intensive
 Expensive dedicated
software
TYPES OF
SERVERS
TYPES OF
SERVERS
File server: These servers provide the services for
storing, retrieving and moving the data. A user can
read, write, exchange and manage the files with the
help of
file servers.
 Printer server: The printer server is used for controlling and
managing printing on the network. It also offers the fax
service to the network users.
 Application server: The expensive software and
additional computing power can be shared by the computers
in a network with he help of application servers.
 Message server: It is used to co-ordinate the interaction
between users, documents and applications. The data can be
used in the for of audio, video, binary, text or graphics.
 Database server: It is a type of application server. It allows
the uses to access the centralised strong database.