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    Hydrotermal System

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    Jack Miner

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    Hydrotermal System

    Uploaded by

    Jack Miner
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    5 views23 pages

    Hydrotermal System

    Uploaded by

    Jack Miner

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 23

    Hydrothermal systems at

    spreading centers
    (and beyond)

    Nils G. Holm
    Department of Geology and Geochemistry
    Stockholm University
    Earth system components
    Fluxes of water through
    the Earth’s upper crust
    Ferromagnesium minerals
    Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

    Pyroxenes Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 augite


    (Mg,Fe)SiO3 hypersthene

    Amphibole Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2 hornblende


    Serpentinization of olivine
    5Mg2SiO4 + Fe2SiO4 + 9H2O =
    forsterite fayalite
    3Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 2Fe(OH) 2 + Mg(OH)2
    serpentine brucite

    3Fe(OH)2 = Fe3O4 + H2 + 2H20


    magnetite hydrogen
    The reaction is characterized by high pH
    Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
    I
    The industrial process:
    CO + H2  organic compounds
    in the presence of a catalyst like
    Fe or ZnO(+Fe2O3, Cr2O3)

    ZnO+Cr2O3  linear alcohols


    ZnO+ Fe2O3  linear hydrocarbons
    Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis II

    In geochemistry the term Fischer-Tropsch


    synthesis is often (incorrectly) used to
    describe a direct mechanism for the
    formation of methane from carbon dioxide
    with magnetite as a catalyst:

    CO2 + H2  CH4 + 2H2O


    Vent fluid data (MAR)
    area rock TC pH H2(mmol/kg) CH4(mmol/kg)

    Lost City peridotite 40-75 9-9.8 249-428 136-285


    30N +gabbro (Kelley et al, 2001)

    Rainbow peridotite 364 2.9-3.1 13.0 2.2


    3614’N +gabbro (Donval et al.,1997)

    Lucky Strike basalt 308-324 3.8-6.4 0.04-0.72 0.3-0.7


    3717’N (Charlou et al., 2000)
    Linear hydrocarbons in hot fluids (364C)
    of the Rainbow hydrothermal field
    ODP Leg 201 Sites

    2002
    Nitrate (µM)

    Depth
    Site 1225 Site 1231
    Depth
    (mbsf) (mbsf)

    ~40 Ma Basalt
    0 10 20 30 40 50

    Dissolved NO3-in
    Leg 201 pore
    waters shows
    fluid flow in
    basement
    Shipboard Scientific Party, 2002
    Data generated primarily by R. Blake.
    ~ 11 Ma Basalt
    0 10 20 30 40 50
    0
    Dissolved
    100 SO4-2
    in Leg 201
    200
    Depth (mbsf)

    Open Pacific
    pore waters
    1225
    300 1226 Shipboard Scientific
    1231
    Party, 2002.
    Peru Margin Data generated primarily
    1227 by B.B. Jørgensen (and
    400 1228
    1229 S. D’Hondt).
    1230

    500
    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
    2-
    SO (mM)
    4
    Hydrogen in pore waters of
    Site 1226, ODP Leg 201
    HAc in pore waters of Site 1226
    The constituents of DNA
    Fischer-Tropsch synthesis III
    Purine bases (adenine, guanine) are easily
    formed over a wide temperature range when
    CO, H2 and NH4 are allowed to react with
    native iron as a catalyst. The presence of
    HCN indicates its importance as an
    intermediate.
    (Hayatsu et al., 1968)
    HCN oligomers hydrolyze to
    amino acids and nitrogen
    bases
    Adsorption isotherms for the purine
    and pyrimidine bases to graphite at
    30C

    H=Hypothantin
    e is a
    degradation
    product of
    adenine
    Langmuir plots for adenine adsorbed to
    pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite forsterite,
    and quartz at 30C
    Equilibrium adsorption isotherms
    for adenine to graphite
    Conclusion?
    Holm et al. 1992, Marine Hydrothermal
    Systems and the Origin of Life:

    ’One of the first steps of the spatial


    characterization of mid-ocean ridges on a
    global scale would be to carry out off-axis
    bathymetric and across-axis geophysical
    surveys.
    The bathymetry and geophysics should
    eventually be followed by investigations
    of individual (off-axis) sites for the
    evaluation of the ranges of, for instance,
    temperature, pH, fH2, and flow rates.’
    Conclusion 2

    The entire ocean floor is


    part of
    The Living Earth

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