STM 211 CONT'D LS

Plant diseases,transmission and control
Plant Pathology: It’s the study of the organism environmental conditions that causes diseases in
plants, the mechanisms by which they occur, the interaction between the causal agents, the
methods of managing or controlling it.
Pathogen: A biological agent that causes diseases to its host.
Parasite: Lives in a close relationship with the host and can cause harm by depending on the host.
Pathogenesis : It’s the step by step development of a disease due to a series of changes in the
structure or function of a cell/ tissue being caused by a microbial, chemical or physical agent.
FUNGI DISEASES
Powdery mildew a Biotrophic fungus
Rice blast a Necrotrophic fungus
BACTERIA DISEASE
Crown gall disease caused by Agrobcaterium
Four main bacterial pathogenicity factors
1 Cell wall degrading enzymes
2 Toxins
3 Phytohormones
4 Exopolysacharides
KOCH’S POSTULATE
1 The microorganism must be found in abundance in all suffering from the disease, but not healthy
organisms
2 The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in a pure culture.
3 The culture microorganism should cause disease when introduced into an organism
4 The microorganism must be reisolated from the innoculated, diseased experimental host and
identified as being identical to the original specific agent.
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASES CONTROL

1 Exclusion
2 Eradication
3 Protection
4 Resistance
APPLICATION OF CONTROL PRINCIPLES TO
SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES
1 Breeding of Resistance to plant viruses
2 Biochemistry of Resistance to plant viruses
3 Protein and Replicase –mediated resistance to plant viruses
4 Releasing Eenetically engineered virus resistant crops – Risk Assessment.
5Antivairal substances of plant origin resistance to plant viruses
6 Controlling Mosaic Virus Diseases under Field conditions by Using Multiple gene strategies in
Transgenic plants specific topics related to resistance Antisense RNA and Rizobozyme- meditaed
Resistance to plant viruses
CONTROL OF VECTORS
1 Forcasting Aphid-borne virus diseases
2 Chemical control of insect and Nematode vectors of plant viruses
3 Chemical control of fungal vectors of plant viruses
EPIDEMOLOGY, CAUSATIVE AGENT, LIFE
CYCLE AND COTROL OF FUNGAL DISEASES
DAMPLING OFF SEEDLING: Caused by Pythium species. Eg P. ultimum, P aphanidermatum,
P. myriotlum drechs, P. irregulare buisman which causes dampling off and root diseases.
Affect pumpkin, onions, sugar cane potatoes etc,
They affect plants when the condition is not favourable for the plant growth,such as temperature,
low light, poor nutrient availability etc
Belongs to the order Peronosparales with the class oomycetes
Symptoms : Its expressed in the cotyledon and leaf chlorosis, then a watery rot appears in he tap
root and hypocotyl near the soil line.
Plants with damaged roots systems may continue to grow , but can appear stunted to varying
degrees
Control : Minimizing periods of excessive soil moisture are essential for controlling pythium
disease.
Improve the drainage of seed raising beds by planting on raised beds
BLIGHT OF POTATOE AND TOMATO : Caused by Alternaria solani,Its causes leaf spots and
tuber blight on potato, leaf spots, fruit rot and stem leisons on tomato. If uncontrolled often
resulting in complete defoliation of plants
CONTROL
1 Crop rotation that includes potatoes or tomatoes only every third or fourth year to all infectd
plant debris to decompose in the soil.
2 Time application of overhead irrigation to allow plants to dry before nightfall.
3 Maintain fertility levels- nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency can increase susceptibility tp early
blight.
BACTERIA LEAF BLIGHT

Caused by the bacterium Erwinia stewartti
Affects sweetcorn that the field corn but with certain hybrids.
Symptoms: They are short to long, irregular,pale grene to yellow streaks in the leaves. The
streaked area die and become straw – colored, originated from feeding marks of the corn- flea
beetles.
Control : Resistance to disease, which is available in many hybrids is the preffered method of
control.
EPIDEMOLOGY OF BACTERIAL DISEASES
Citrus canker : Caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis

Causes leisons on leaves, stems and fruits, but not harmful to humans,
Affects the vitality of citrus trees, causing leaves to drop prematuredly.
The leisons ooze bacterial cells that when dispersed by windblown rain can spread to other plants.
Detection : Its detected in orchards and on farms by the appearance of leisons.
Control : Prevented by quarantine measures, Eradication of affected plants and management
options which includes replacing susceptible cultivar with resistant cultivars applying preventive
sprays of copper- based bactericidess
LIFE HISTORY OF APHIDS
Some aphids have unusual and complex reproductive adaptations, while others have fairly simple
reproduction which includes having both sexual and asexual reproduction and switches between
woody and herbaceous types of host plant at different times of the year.
They undergo Cyclical Parthenogenesis, in spring and summer, mostly or only females are present
in the population, the overwintering eggs that hatch in the spring results in females called
Fundatrices.
One female can produce many billions of decendants, Cabbage aphid like Brevicoryn brassicae
can produce upto 41 generations of females.
Females undergo a modified meiosis that results in eggs that are genetically identical to their
mother (parthenogenetic)
Some aphids have Telescoping generations. That is the Parthenogenetic viviparous female has a
daughter within her, who is parthenogenetically producing her own daughter. Thus a female’s diet
can affect the body size and birth rate of more than one generation. ( daughters and grand
daughters).

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STM 211 CONT'D LS

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Plant diseases,transmission and control

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASES CONTROL

BACTERIA LEAF BLIGHT

Citrus canker : Caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis

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