INTRODUCTION TO

DATABASE SYSTEMS
Dr. Baljeet Kaur
 AGENDA 2

What is Database?
Database Management System
DBMS Architecture
Types of Database
Relational and Non-Relational Databases
DBMS Schemas
DBMS Usage
Advantages & Disadvantages of DBMS
Why Learn DBMS?
Applications of DBMS
Data Abstraction and Data Independence
WHAT IS DATABASE?
 DATABASE

A database is a collection of data organized and

stored in a computer system so it can be accessed
and updated efficiently.

The data is typically categorized using a database

management system (DBMS), a software
application that interacts with the database and
allows users to create, read, update, and delete
data.

https://www.oracle.com/ca-en/database/what-is-da
tabase/
 5

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• DBMS is a powerful tool for storing, organizing and
managing large amounts of data.
• It allows users to access and update data in a
centralized location and provides security to
protect the data.
• Whether a small business owner or a large
corporation, a DBMS can help you effectively
manage your data and make informed decisions.
COMPONENTS OF DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
6
• A database environment is a collective system of components that comprise
and regulates the group of data, management, and use of data, which consist
of software, hardware, people, techniques of handling database, and the data
also.
• The database management system can be divided into five major components,
they are:
1.Hardware
2.Software
3.Data
4.Procedures
5.People
HARDWARE 7

• When we say hardware, we mean computer, hard disk, I/o

channels for data and any other physical components involved
before any data is successfully stored into the memory.
• Consists of a set of physical electronics devices such as
computers, I/o devices, storage devices, etc. This provides the
interface between computers and the real world system.
• This DBMS component is used for keeping and storing the data
in the database.
• When we run oracle or MySQL on our personal computer, then
our computers hard disk, our keyboard using which we type in
all the commands, our computers RAM, ROM all become a part
of the DBMS hardware.
 8

SOFTWARE
• This is the set of programs used to control and manage the overall
database. This includes the DBMS software itself, the operating
system, the network software being used to share the data among
users, and the application program used to access data in the DBMS.
• This is the main component, as this the program which controls
everything. The DBMS software is more like a wrapper around the
physical database, which provides us with an easy-to-use interface
to store, access and update data.
• This software component is capable of understanding the database
access language and converts it into actual database commands to
execute or run them on the database.
• The software in DBMS environment includes operating system,
database management system, application programs, support utility
programs.
 9
DATA
• The main task of DBMS is to process the data. Here database
are defined, constructed, and then data is stored, retrieved,
and updated to and form the database.
• It is the most important component of the database
management system. The database contains both the
metadata(data about data) and the actual(operational) data.
• DBMS exists to collect, store, process and access data, the
most important component. In a typical database , the user
saved data is present and meta data is stored.
• For example- when I store my name in a database, the DBMS
will store when the name was stored in the database, what is
the size of the name, is it stored as related data to some other
data, or is it independent, all this information is Metadata.
 10

PROCEDURES
• These are the instructions and rules that assist on how to
use the DBMS, and in designing and running the
database, using documented procedures, to guide the
users that operate and manage it.
• Procedures are used to setup and install a new DBMS to
login and logout of DBMS software, to manage DBMS or
application programs, to take backup of the database,
and to change the structure of the database, etc.
 PEOPLE 11

• The people are who control and manage the databases and
perform different types of operations on the database in the DBMS.
• The people includes databse administrator, software developer
and End user.
• Database administrator-database administrator is the one who
manages the complete database management system. DBA takes
care of the security of the DBMS, it’s availability, managing the
license keys, managing user accounts and access,etc.
• Software developer-This user group is involved in developing and
designing the parts of DBMs.
• End user- These days all the modern applications, web or mobile,
store user data. How do you think the do it? Yes, applications are
programmed in such a way that they collect user data and store
the data on DBMS system running on their server. End user are the
one who store, retrieve, update and delete data.
 DBMS ARCHITECTURE 12

The main components of a DBMS architecture

include:

• The database engine is responsible for

storing, organizing, and retrieving data
from the database.

• The data definition language (DDL) is used

to create and modify the database schema.
 13

WHAT IS DATABASE ARCHITECTURE?

• structural design and methodology of a database system

• how data is stored, organized, and retrieved, playing a crucial role in the
efficiency and effectiveness of data management
• how a database management system (DBMS) will be integrated with your
application
• First, you'll decide on the type of database you would like to use. The
database could be centralized or decentralized.
• Once you’ve decided the type of database you want to use, you can
determine the type of architecture you want to use. Typically, these are
categorized into single-tier or multi-tier applications.
 14
TYPES OF DATABASE MODELS
• One of the fundamental aspects of database architecture is its tier
architecture. This concept refers to the physical and logical
separation of functionalities into different layers or tiers, such as data
storage and data processing.

• For instance, in a three-tier architecture, the first tier might be

dedicated to raw data storage, the second tier to processing and
managing data, and the third to presenting the data to users through
a GUI or API.
 15
ONE-TIER ARCHITECTURE

• the database, user interface, and application

logic all reside on the same machine or server. It's
typically used for small-scale applications where
simplicity and cost-effectiveness are priorities.
Because there are no network delays involved,
this type of tier architecture is generally a fast
way to access data.
• An example of a one-tier architecture would be a
mobile application that uses Realm, the open-
source mobile database by MongoDB, as a local
database. In that case, both the application and
the database are running on the user’s mobile
device.

https://www.mongodb.com/resources/basics/databases/database-
 16
TWO-TIER ARCHITECTURE

• Two-tier architecture consists of multiple

clients connecting directly to the
database. This tier architecture is also
known as client-server architecture.
• This tier architecture used to be more
common when a desktop application
would connect to a single database
hosted on an on-premise database
server — for example, an in-house
customer relationship management
(CRM) that connects to an Access
database.
 17

THREE-TIER ARCHITECTURE
• Most modern web
applications use a three-
tier architecture. In this
architecture, the clients
connect to a back end,
which in turn connects to
the database.
• An example of this type of
architecture would be a
React application that
connects to a Node.js back
end. The Node.js back end
processes the requests
and fetches the necessary
information from a
database such as
MongoDB Atlas, using the
native driver.
 BENEFITS OF 18

THREE-TIER ARCHITECTURE
• Security: Keeping the database connection open to a single back end reduces
the risks of being hacked.

• Scalability: Because each layer operates independently, it is easier to scale

parts of the application.

• Faster deployment: Having multiple tiers makes it easier to have a separation

of concerns and to follow cloud-native best practices, including better
continuous delivery processes.
 19

• The architecture of a database is not a one-size-fits-all solution.

It varies significantly based on
• the needs of the organization,
• the type of data being managed, and
• the specific applications that interact with the database.
 20
TYPES OF DATABASE
• Relational databases: These databases store data in tables, with rows
representing individual records and columns representing the attributes of those
records. They are the most common type of database and are used in various
applications, including financial systems, customer relationship management
(CRM) systems, and human resources databases.
• Object-oriented databases: These databases store data as objects and allow for
more complex relationships between data. They are often used in applications that
require the storage of complex data structures, such as computer-aided design
(CAD) systems and geographic information systems (GIS).
• Document-oriented databases: These databases store data as documents and
are often used for applications that require storing unstructured data, such as
social media platforms and content management systems.

There are also other specialized types of databases, such as spatial databases, which
are used to store and analyze geographical data, and time-series databases, which
 21

RELATIONAL AND NON-RELATIONAL DATABASES

• Relational databases are a type of database that stores data in the

form of tables, with rows representing individual records and
columns representing the attributes of those records. These
databases are based on the relational model Edgar F. Codd
developed in the 1970s.
• Non-relational databases, also known as NoSQL databases, are a
type of database that does not use the relational model. Instead,
they use a variety of data storage models, including key-value
stores, document stores, column stores, and graph stores.
 22
DBMS SCHEMAS
In a database management system (DBMS), a schema is the structure of
the database and defines how data is organized and related to one
another. The schema specifies the design of the database, including the
tables, columns, data types, and relationships between different data
elements.

There are three main types of schemas in a DBMS:

Physical schema: This is the lowest level of abstraction and describes the
physical organization of the data on a storage device.
Logical schema: This is the next level of abstraction and describes the
logical organization of the data in the database. It defines the structure of
the tables, columns, and relationships between different data elements.
External schema: This is the highest level of abstraction and describes
how users view the data. It defines how users interact with the database
and specifies which data is exposed.
 23

APPLICATIONS OF DBMS
 ADVANTAGES: 24

Some of the main advantages of DBMSs include the following:

Data security: DBMSs provide many features to protect the data from
unauthorized access, such as user authentication, access controls, and
encryption.
Data integrity: DBMSs enforce rules to ensure that the data is accurate and
consistent, such as constraints that prevent data from being entered into the
database unless it meets certain conditions.
Concurrency control: DBMSs allow multiple users to access and update the
database simultaneously and provide mechanisms to ensure that the data
remains consistent and accurate.
Backup and recovery: DBMSs provide tools for backing up and restoring the
database in case of a failure or disaster.
 25

DISADVANTAGES
• Some of the main disadvantages of DBMSs include the following:

• Complexity: DBMSs can be complex to design, implement, and

maintain, especially for large and complex databases.
• Cost: DBMSs can be expensive to purchase and maintain,
especially for large and complex databases.
• Performance: DBMSs can have performance issues, especially
when dealing with large amounts of data or high levels of
concurrency.
 WHY LEARN DBMS 26

There are several reasons why learning about database

management systems (DBMSs) is helpful:

• Organizing and managing large amounts of data in a structured

and efficient way. Learning about DBMSs can help you effectively
manage data in your personal or professional life.
• Data analysis: DBMSs provide various tools for retrieving and
analyzing data, which can help make informed decisions and
solve problems.
• Problem-solving skills: Working with DBMSs can help develop
analytical and problem-solving skills that are useful in various
fields.
 27

DATA ABSTRACTION AND DATA INDEPENDENCE

• Data abstraction refers to separating the logical properties of data

from the physical implementation of the data. This means that
users can interact with the data at a high level of abstraction
without knowing how the data is physically stored or organized.
• Data independence refers to changing the database's structure
without affecting how users interact with the data.
 DATABASE OBJECTS 28

• Tables: Tables are used to store data in a structured format, with rows
representing individual records and columns representing the
attributes of those records.
• Indexes: Indexes are used to speed up data retrieval from a table by
providing a way to quickly locate specific rows based on the values in
one or more columns.
• Views: Views are virtual tables derived from one or more tables and
can present a different perspective on the data.
THANK
YOU
https://medium.com/@mangavkarsonali
/components-of-dbms-environment-f4f0
651e6daf

https://www.mongodb.com/resources/b
asics/databases/database-architecture

https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/
dbms-tutorial#what_is_database